Presentation on theme: "Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis"— Presentation transcript: 1 Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis Show 2 Exam focus:
When Max was born, his mother gave up work to stay at home and look after him. Max’s father works long hours and does not have much to do with the day-to- day care of his son. Max is now nine months old and he seems to have a very close bond with his mother. Use learning theory to explain how Max became attached to his mother rather than to his father. (6 marks)
3 Answer Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). Max’s mother was associated with the food and becomes a conditioned stimulus. According to operant conditioning food satisfied Max’s hunger and made him feel comfortable again (drive reduction).
Food was therefore a primary reinforcer. His mother was associated with food and became a secondary reinforcer. Max became attached to his mother because she was a source of reward. The explanation must be directly linked to Max and his mother. Answers which make no reference to Max and his mother maximum 3 marks. 4 MDH Many
psychologists became interested in the effects of children being separated (deprivation) from their caregivers. From this Bowlby created the ‘Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis’. 5 Deprivation: Privation:
6 So finally this is the theory! 7 Robertson and Bowlby (1952) believe that short-term separation from an attachment figure leads to distress (i.e., the PDD model). Children who are separated typically show three key behaviours, in the same order, which we can remember as PDD. P rotest The child cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves. They will
try to cling on to the parent to stop them leaving. D espair The child’s protesting begins to stop, and they appear to be calmer although still upset. The child refuses others’ attempts for comfort and often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything. D etachment: If separation continues the child will start to engage with other people again. They will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger.
8 As a child Sally's primary attachment figure was her mother however in the first two years of her life she worked away from home for long periods, sometimes not
coming back for months on end. Her dad did his best to be a substitute for her mother. Sally is now five and about to start school. Task Sally is starting school, what would Bowlby predict would happen to Sally at school and why? Be creative and come up with real life examples e.g. Sally might start kicking kids in her class
9 Suggested answers… Deprivation during the critical period of 2 1/2 years No female substitute even if dad tried
No internal working model Delinquency-trouble in school Low IQ-struggles with school work Affectionless psychopathy-little regards to the feeling of others, bullying, stealing, no guilt. 10 Evaluation
of Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis
11 Watch this clip of Rutter criticising Bowlby and note down how else he criticises the Maternal deprivation hypothesis.
12 Did you ever go into hospital as a child. What happened
13 Real world application 14 Individual differences 15 Bowlby’s theory based on study
16 Bowlby studied 88 children aged 5 to 16 who had been referred to a child guidance clinic where he worked. 44 were referred for stealing the other half were a
control group; Bowlby diagnosed 16 of the 44 as affectionless psychopaths – shameless and conscienceless. The control group had been referred for other types of behaviour but none of them were diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths. Bowlby interviewed the children and their family to build a record of their early life experiences. Bowlby discovered that 86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced early and prolonged separation from their mothers;
only 4% of the control group had experienced such separation. He concluded that the separation had caused affectionless psychopathy. 17 Bowlby’s theory based on study 18 Evaluation The experiment was correlational the results only show a relationship between early childhood experiences. We are unable to conclude that separation causes affectionless psychopathy.
The use of interviews could have led to interviewer bias where the expectations of the interviewer affected the respondent’s behaviour. The participants were required to recall information from a long time ago (which is known as retrospective data collection). It is possible that some participants couldn’t remember the details accurately, or may have even changed some of the details. How does learning theory explain attachment?The learning theory of attachment is a behaviourist explanation that suggests that attachments develop through classical and/or operant conditioning. It is sometimes referred to as a cupboard love theory, as the infant attaches to the caregiver who provides the food.
When Max was born his mother gave up work to stay home?When Max was born, his mother gave up work to stay at home and look after him. Max's father works long hours and does not have much to do with the day-to-day care of his son. Max is now nine months old and he seems to have a very close bond with his mother.
What is Bowlby's Monotropic theory of attachment?Bowlby's evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive. A child has an innate (i.e. inborn) need to attach to one main attachment figure. This is called monotropy.
How does classical conditioning explain attachment theory?Classical conditioning suggests that a child learns to associate their caregiver with their needs being met (feeding them) and so an attachment is formed. The stimulus of food produces pleasure (an unconditioned stimulus which produces an unconditioned response).
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