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 Under a Creative Commons license Open access AbstractAn expression of concern (EoC) alerts readers to new considerations or concerns about a paper, usually at the post-publication stage. Authors and readers are left in a state of uncertainty as they await a resolution. This uncertainty might create a state of stress or anxiety for some authors. The paper's findings may be either validated and confirmed, resolving the EoC, or the paper's validity or loss of integrity is confirmed, leading to an erratum or retraction. Academics wanting to cite a paper to which an EoC is associated might decide not to cite it. If an EoC is reversed, i.e., if the post-publication findings annul the initial concerns, then the authors and journal may suffer a “loss” of citations. Conversely, if concerns are confirmed post-publication, and the EoC develops into a retraction, then any citations that were rewarded while the paper was in a state of uncertainty were rewarded unfairly. In such a case, both author- and journal-based metrics should be adjusted. Using the Retraction Watch database until April 20, 2021, we assessed 20 cases of EoCs in the neuroscience literature to appreciate how EoCs have been processed. After excluding one author-issued EoC, from 19 editor-issued EoCs, 10 were resolved in an average of 220 days while nine remain unresolved. In this article, we suggest the need to make the processes associated with an EoC more visible and transparent to the academic community, allowing editors to make the correct decisions regarding its resolution. KeywordsCorrigenda Errata Expressions of concern Literature correction Peer review Retractions Cited by (0)© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2.When a researcher asks people to recall their past in order to obtain measurement of some phenomenaover time, the technique is called a(n) ____________________ study. Get answer to your question and much more 3.If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justiceresearch, they are committing the error of ____________________? Get answer to your question and much more 4.Exploratory and descriptive studies frequently are __________________ in nature since they allow data tobe gathered at one point in time. Get answer to your question and much more 5.____________________, units, and time are key elements in planning a research study. Get answer to your question and much more 6.Marvin Wolfgang's study of males born in Philadelphia in 1945 was an attempt to measure delinquency byfollowing those males from their 10th birthday until they were 18. This is an example of what type ofstudy? Get answer to your question and much more 7.Retrospective studies have the danger of faulty memories or even subjects lying. Get answer to your question and much more 8.Which of the following is a type of longitudinal study? Get answer to your question and much more 9.What is the order of steps the typical researcher will take in the research process? Get answer to your question and much more 10.Which type of research study project is designed to permit observations over an extended period of time? Get answer to your question and much more 11.Causation in social science is the foundation for exploratory research. Get answer to your question and much more 12.One common threat to statistical conclusion validity is: Get answer to your question and much more 13.A major mid-western university does annual surveys of its alumni. These surveys are designed to gaugethe attitudes that alumni hold about the university, its academic programs, and the major team sports.These surveys have been an annual event for the last two decades and represent which type of study? Which of the following would serve as a snapshot of a phenomenon at one point in time?Cross-sectional studies provide a clear 'snapshot' of the outcome and the characteristics associated with it, at a specific point in time.
Which of the following is a social artifact?Social artifacts like newspapers, magazines, television programs, and music are examples of modern cultural artifacts.
Which type of research study project is designed to permit observations over an extended period of time?Longitudinal study
So, once again, researchers do not interfere with their subjects. However, in a longitudinal study, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of time, sometimes lasting many years.
What is a common threat to statistical conclusion validity?Any effect that can impact the internal validity of a research study may bias the results and impact the validity of statistical conclusions reached. These threats to internal validity include unreliability of treatment implementation (lack of standardization) or failing to control for extraneous variables.
When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results?A replication study attempts to validate the findings of a prior piece of research. By doing so, that prior research is confirmed as being both accurate and broadly applicable, since the replication study typically changes one or more variables of the original study, such as sample population, industry sector, etc.
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Which of the following would serve as a “snap shot” of a phenomenon at one point in time?
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