The Iowa Gambling Task demonstrates that the brain is making decisions without an individual being completely aware of these decisions. If a subject participating in the Iowa Gambling Task has frontal lobe damage, what can we expect to observe as a result? Show
b. The subject will initially show an anticipatory skin conductance response, but over time will stop exhibiting an SCR c. The subject will not show an anticipatory skin conductance response and will not learn to avoid the riskier card decks d. The subject will draw from the decks in a very random pattern while exhibiting a skin conductance response after drawing from each deck Von Economo neurons are associated with the fast-paced processing that gives humans a sense of intuition. How does the use of fMRI help demonstrate this association?
b. fMRI shows an increase in blood flow to the hippocampus during fast-paced decision making c. fMRI shows a decrease in blood flow to the prefrontal cortex during fast-paced decision making d. fMRI shows a decrease in blood flow to the cerebellum during fast-paced decision making This part of a neuron contains a phosphate head region that is hydrophilic and a tail that is hydrophobic:
b. Neurotransmitter c. Synapse d. Membrane These pores, which are located in the membrane of a neuron, open and close depending on the environmental conditions around the membrane:
b. Dendritic spines c. Gated ion channels d. Sodium-potassium pumps What is the result of dendritic spines changing size and shape over time?
b. The breakdown of neural pathways c. An overabundance of neurotransmitters in the synaptic clefts d. The depolarization of the neurons attached to the dendritic spines According to the study by Mychasiuk, Gibb, and Kolb (2011), what is the result of a female rat experiencing bystander stress during a pregnancy?
b. There was no difference between the pups of the mother who experienced bystander stress and the mother who did not experience bystander stress c. The pups displayed increased neural connectivity in the prefrontal cortex when compared to the pups born to the mother who did not experience bystander stress d. The pups displayed decreased dendritic length and increased spine density in the orbitofrontal cortex compared to pups born to a mother who did not experience bystander stress A neuron has a higher concentration of sodium in the extracellular space than in the intracellular space, and a higher concentration of potassium in the intracellular space than the extracellular space. There are also chlorine and calcium ions in the extracellular space. How can you best describe the current state of this neuron?
b. The neuron just received synaptic inputs from the surrounding neurons c. The neuron is about to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft d. This neuron is at rest When a neuron is a rest, the sodium ions flow through the membrane at a very low rate. Why is this?
b. Sodium ions are much larger than calcium, potassium, or chlorine ions c. Sodium ions always flow through the membrane at a very low rate, whether the neuron is at rest or not at rest d. The sodium ion channels are closed when a neuron is at rest What is the relationship between the sodium-potassium pump and a neuron's resting membrane potential?
b. The sodium-potassium pump allows three positively charged potassium ions out of the cell for every two positively charged sodium ions allowed into the cell, thereby keeping the cell negatively charged and at a resting membrane potential c. The sodium-potassium pump allows three negatively charged potassium ions out of the cell for every two negatively charged sodium ions allowed into the cell, thereby keeping the cell positively charged and at a resting membrane potential d. The sodium-potassium pump allows three positively charged sodium ions out of the cell for every two positively charged potassium ions allowed into the cell, thereby keeping the cell negatively charged and at a resting membrane potential What is the purpose of a neuron being negatively charged during its resting state, rather than neutral?
b. The negative charge allows for more neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft c. The negative charge keeps the neurotransmitter from being released too soon d. A negative charge allows the neuron to respond more strongly to a stimulus What happens when a neuron, currently in a resting state, receives a large input?
b. The neuron will create a new dendritic spine c. The neuron will absorb the input to prevent it from spreading. d. The neuron will respond by depolarizing, triggering an action potential If a neuron triggers an action potential, and then experiences a refractory period, what would happen if the neuron was to be stimulated yet again?
b. The neuron would release all of the intracellular calcium into the extracellular space c. The neuron would become hyperpolarized d. The neuron would not trigger another action potential What is the role of the exit of potassium ions that occurs shortly after an action potential?
b. The moving of negatively charged potassium ions to the extracellular space brings the pre-synaptic neuron into a hyperpolarized state c. The moving of negatively charged potassium ions to the extracellular space leads to excitation of the post-synaptic neuron d. The moving of positively charged potassium ions to the extracellular space brings the pre-synaptic neuron back to its negatively charged resting state Which of the following is the correct order of events during an action potential?
b. Sodium channels open, potassium channels open, potassium channels close, sodium channels close c. Potassium channels open, sodium channels open, potassium channels close, sodium channels close d. Sodium channels open, potassium channels open, sodium channels close, potassium channels close A neuron is at its highest level of depolarization during an action potential. What should occur next in the sequence of events?
b. The closing of the potassium channels, blocking the exit of positively charged potassium ions into the extracellular space c. None of the above d. The beginning of the refractory period, and the closing of the sodium channels The term for when neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft:
b. Synaptogenesis c. Hyperpolarization d. Exocytosis What is the function of the synaptic vesicles?
b. They contain receptors for specific neurotransmitter c. They allow action potentials to travel down the axon into the presynaptic terminal d. They contain and transport neurotransmitter through the presynaptic terminal An action potential has just reached a presynaptic terminal. What should happen next in the order of events?
b. The synaptic vesicles will release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft c. The post-synaptic axon will receive the incoming neurotransmitters. d. The presynaptic terminal will depolarize and the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels will open A neuron is depolarized to the action potential threshold after receiving multiple synaptic inputs from different locations. Which type of summation describes this event?
b. Temporal c. all of the above d. Spatial What is the role of glial cells?
b. They are necessary for the formation and maintenance of neural connections c. They help move action potentials down the axon d. All of the above An individual periodically displaying atypical, synchronized excitation of a group of neurons is associated with which medical condition?
b. Multiple sclerosis c. Parkinson's Disease d. Epilepsy Some neurons exchange electrical currents directly, at a location known as the:
b. Terminal button c. dendritic terminal d. gap junction As a treatment for epilepsy, what is the rationale behind using drugs that increase levels of GABA (g-aminobutyric acid)
b. The drugs lead to increased neural excitation c. The drugs create micro-lesions that inactivate the specific seizure locus d. The drugs lead to suppressed neural excitation Neurons that respond both to engaging in a behavior (e.g., grabbing food) and viewing another engage in that same behavior are called:
b. afferent neurons c. sensory-motor neurons d. mirror neurons Which technique provides scientists with a way to create virtual lesions that perturb brain activity while a human is performing a behavioral or cognitive task?
b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. electroencephalography (EEG) d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) What best describes the membrane situation in the resting state in the neuron?The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside. At rest, there are relatively more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron.
What best describes the resting state of a neuron?A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential. The resting potential is determined by concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by membrane permeability to each type of ion.
Which of the following statements describes the resting membrane potential of a neuron?Which of the following describes the resting membrane potential of a neuron? The best description of the neuron resting membrane potential is a state in which the flow of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane is precisely balanced.
Which of the following is true about a neuron in the resting state?Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is option A. During the resting state of a neuron, the inside of the cell has a negative charge, as compared to the positive charge of the extracellular environment.
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Which of the following statements best describes the resting membrane state in the neuron?
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