“We’ve spent a lot of time working with a speech language therapist and our parent-infant specialist to help our son develop spoken language. We were so excited when he learned his first words that we wanted to show our family our son’s great accomplishments. To our great disappointment, when we ask him to talk he withdraws and is hesitant to communicate with others. As his mother, I enjoy being around a lot of people, but I’m wondering if my outgoing personality may not feel comfortable to my son.” - Mother of child with cochlear implants Show This is an all too common story of an outgoing parent who has a child who tends to withdraw when introduced to new social settings. Understanding each child’s and parent’s temperament is an important part of designing communication sessions and incorporating learning experiences into daily routines. Taking on a temperament perspective can help parents, clinicians, and educators become aware of individual differences, understand how temperament may be related to behaviors, and develop strategies to increase the goodness of fit between the child and their environment. It is important for caregivers and educators to understand that there are no “good” or “bad” temperament traits only unique ways in which we express ourselves or respond to the world. Temperament is defined as “the constellation of inborn traits that determine a child’s unique behavioral style and the way he or she experiences and reacts to the world” (Kristal, 2005, p. 8). Extensive research has been conducted on this topic. One landmark study conducted by Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1956) followed individuals from infancy to adulthood. Data collected from this study led Thomas and colleagues to identify the following nine temperament characteristics to describe a child’s behavioral style:
(Kristal, 2005, p.15). Exploring the child’s temperament in relation to the caregiver’s temperament or the educator’s temperament may provide valuable information about how the child is responding to the environment around them. For example, if a child tends to takes his or her time when changing from one activity to the next and the educator quickly changes activities without giving the child notice, the child may demonstrate resistance to the new activity. However, if given sufficient notice the child may transition to new activities happily. Taking on a temperament perspective facilitates joint understanding of how to best approach the emotional, social, and learning needs of the child. Temperament conversations also can give direction for selecting intervention approaches or offer parents different perspectives on their child’s ability. The following video clip demonstrates a mother’s positive strategy for addressing her child’s withdrawal from social situations. ReferencesKagan, J. (2010). The temperament thread: How genes, culture, time, and luck make us who we are. New York, NY: The Dana Foundation. Kristal, J. (2005). The temperament perspective: Working with children’s behavior styles. New York, NY: Brookes Publishing Co. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1986). The New York Longitudinal Study: From infancy to early adulthood. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. A researcher randomly assigns senior citizens to spend an hour a day taking a ballroom dance class or working on word puzzles. After each class or puzzle session, participants complete a short series of cognitive assessments. What kind of study is the researcher conducting? Choose one answer.
. . For a research study, each individual in a group of first graders, a group of third graders, and a group of fifth graders is observed interacting with a preschool-aged sibling on a puzzle task. What type of data collection design is employed in this study? Choose one answer.
. . Seven-year-old Amelia is very excited that her new neighbor will be attending the same private school as her; none of the other children in the neighborhood attend that school. As a result of interacting at both home and school, Amelia and her neighbor develop a very close friendship. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system does this interaction represent? Choose one answer.
. . What is an important advantage of using the method of controlled observation? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is a type of study commonly conducted by behavioral geneticists? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is NOT a reason that it is important to continue studying development throughout the course of the lifespan? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is the main limit of correlational studies? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements is true according to the lifespan perspective on development forwarded by Paul Baltes? Choose one answer.
. . Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory includes the broad values, laws, and customs of one's culture? Choose one answer.
. . Scientists who conduct research on human development would define the field of development as the study of: Choose one answer.
. . By 13-15 weeks gestation, a fetus can detect differences in which of the following amniotic fluid characteristics? Choose one answer.
. . Doctors examine infant reflexes at different ages to obtain information on which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Genetic disorders are caused by which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . We call environmental substances and processes that cause birth defects: Choose one answer.
. . We know that in many species, the prenatal environment can have a significant impact on the: Choose one answer.
. . What is the earliest physical manifestation of the human brain, formed in the first weeks of gestation? Choose one answer.
. . What is the first sense to develop in the womb? Choose one answer.
. . When are we likely to have the most neural connections in the visual cortex? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements most accurately describes the interaction between genes and experience in the development of the brain? Choose one answer.
. . We use the term genotype to describe which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . According to Freud, the superego helps control the animal urges of the: Choose one answer.
. . According to Piaget, what is the tendency to interpret objects and events from one's own perspective? Choose one answer.
. . Early differences in language acquisition show a slight advantage for which demographic? Choose one answer.
. . For Erikson, the focal point for each stage of human development was a: Choose one answer.
. . Fourteen-month-old Andy rarely acknowledges his mother when she returns to pick him up after a half-hour separation. Which attachment type most likely characterizes him? Choose one answer.
. . Handedness, right or left, often appears around what age? Choose one answer.
. . In expanding Piaget's ideas, the neo-Piagetians have drawn extensively from which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . In object relations theory, which is true of an object? Choose one answer.
. . In the Strange Situation, which is used to study attachment behaviors, which of the following occurs? Choose one answer.
. . In which age range did Piaget suggest that children are in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? Choose one answer.
. . Maya can multiply only single-digit numbers on her own, but with her big brother's close guidance, she can multiply three- and four-digit numbers together. What would Vygotsky call the difference between Maya's actual developmental level as determined by what she can multiply on her own and the level of potential development as determined by what she can multiply in collaboration with her brother? Choose one answer.
. . Piaget called the knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one's own perception or action on those objects: Choose one answer.
. . Research suggests that which of the following has a significant negative effect on cognitive ability in children? Choose one answer.
. . The behaviorist theory of language development proposes that we learn language through: Choose one answer.
. . The British statistician, Spearman, divided intelligence into which two factors? Choose one answer.
. . The definition of intelligence includes the ability to: Choose one answer.
. . Twelve-year-old Xavier, who usually does well in school, brings home a report card with two Ds. How would parents who demonstrate Baumrind's authoritative parenting style react? Choose one answer.
. . What are the two dimensions according to which Baumrind categorizes parenting styles? Choose one answer.
. . What do we call the smallest unit of language that has meaning? Choose one answer.
. . What is the order of memory processing in the stage models of information processing? Choose one answer.
. . What is the primary assumption of the information-processing theorists? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is a milestone of language development around the age of three to four months? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is a primary difference between Vygotsky and Piaget's ideas? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is NOT a reason that healthy play is important for human development? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about temperament is false? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about the stages of personality development identified by Freud and Erikson is true? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements best describes the difference between neo-Piagetian theorists and Piaget? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following would be most likely demonstrated by an individual in the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory? Choose one answer.
. . Which one of the following milestones of cognitive development do children reach by the age of about one year? Choose one answer.
. . Which theory of language development proposes that language is a unique human accomplishment, embodied in a Language Acquisition Device present in all children? Choose one answer.
. . By what age do most babies begin to roll front to back and back to front? Choose one answer.
. . According to Erikson's theory, the main task of adolescence is to answer which of the following questions? Choose one answer.
. . Although thirteen-year-old Kayla enjoys diving, she will no longer practice at the community pool because she thinks everyone will notice any mistake she makes. Kayla is experiencing the common cognitive distortion of adolescence called: Choose one answer.
. . Fifteen-year-old Jessica is extremely focused on what she needs to do to become a surgeon, which is what her parents have encouraged her to focus on; she has not considered any other career options. According to Marcia's theory, which stage of identity development characterizes Jessica? Choose one answer.
. . Gilligan suggests that whereas men tend to see ethical issues as substantive moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation, women tend to view them as which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . In girls, early puberty is linked to which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Kohlberg was interested in which of the following with respect to moral decisions? Choose one answer.
. . Parental conflict with adolescent children is often related to which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Puberty that arrives either earlier or later in boys can lead to which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Research suggests that the age of onset of puberty has decreased for which demographic? Choose one answer.
. . The dynamics of teenage romantic relationships have been viewed as an extension of which theory? Choose one answer.
. . What does contemporary research on adolescent brain development suggest? Choose one answer.
. . What is early onset puberty called? Choose one answer.
. . What is the hormone that triggers puberty? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best represents Gilligan's objections to Kohlberg and other theorists addressing ethical and moral issues? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is an important risk factor for engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is most accurate according to research on this topic? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements is true about the development of romantic experiences? Choose one answer.
. . Which part of the brain, responsible for such skills as planning and allocating attention, matures substantially during adolescence? Choose one answer.
. . Why are teenagers often clumsy during the growth spurt that occurs in puberty? Choose one answer.
. . Kohlberg believed which of the following about moral development? Choose one answer.
. . According to Erikson's theory, once individuals have established their identity, they are ready to: Choose one answer.
. . As Americans have shown tremendous increases in life expectancy over the past century, the leading causes of death for older Americans have shifted to: Choose one answer.
. . As we age, our intellectual ability usually does not diminish. Rather, which of the following aspects of our cognitive processing tends to change? Choose one answer.
. . In middle adulthood, many, if not most, individuals experience which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . In middle adulthood, women experience menopause as a result of: Choose one answer.
. . Levinson thought that middle and late adulthood were linked by an intermediate phase called: Choose one answer.
. . Over the course of the lifespan, most sensory systems do which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . When 70-year-old Jim retires from a long career in banking, he decides to try two new hobbies: oil painting and sailing. He also takes on the job of picking up his grandchildren from school three days a week. Jim finds new forms of satisfaction in these activities. Which theory of aging does Jim's experience best represent? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best states the primary question of adult attachment theory? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is an accurate statement about dementia? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is the idea that development proceeds as a period of relatively stable states connected by relatively unsettled transitional states? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about divorce and its impact on children is true? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about divorce in America is false? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about research on the effects of same-sex parenting is true? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements about the poverty rate of those over the age of 65 in the United States is true? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following theories of aging fall within the broader perspective that the elderly must compete for resources against other, more privileged groups within society? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following types of people are most likely to engage in elder abuse? Choose one answer.
. . Which theory of aging contends that withdrawing from society as a natural process as adults grow old reduces pressure to conform to societal norms? Choose one answer.
. . Why do older people often outperform younger people on tests of history and geography? Choose one answer.
. . During middle adulthood, we establish careers, settle down with a partner, and begin our own families. What is the central conflict of this stage of life according to Erikson? Choose one answer.
. . A child who thinks that someone who has died has just gone to sleep for a long time and will eventually wake up is most likely in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Choose one answer.
. . Adults are generally able to accept the prospect of dying if they have successfully resolved Erikson's conflict of: Choose one answer.
. . In the theory of Kübler-Ross, which of the following is not one of the phases of dealing with dying? Choose one answer.
. . What is one major reason that Kübler-Ross' theory has been subject to criticism? Choose one answer.
. . What is the main conclusion of George Bonanno's research on grief? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following is true based on research concerning the relation between personal factors and death anxiety? Choose one answer.
. . Which theory or model proposes that a key to feeling less anxious about death is developing a clear sense of purpose for one's life and transforming one's beliefs, values, and behaviors to align with that purpose? Choose one answer.
. . How is death defined from a biological point of view? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best describes temperament?Which one of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament? Parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making.
What is the definition of temperament quizlet?temperament. a person's characteristic modes of responding emotionally and behaviorally to environmental events, including such attributes as activity level, irritability, fearfulness, and sociability.
What is temperament and how is it measured quizlet?Temperament. The constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time.
Which statement is true when it comes to measuring temperament?Which statement is TRUE when it comes to measuring temperament? No measurement of temperament is perfect, and it is prudent to assess temperament with a variety of different methods.
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Which of the following most accurately describes the concept of temperament?
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