Which of the following factors affects how a person is perceived in an organization?

1. Introduction

Organizational commitment is considered to be one of the most important work attitudes that gives direction to behavior and binds a person to a course of action. When employees are committed, they do not tempt to look for other opportunities (Lok & Crawford, 2001). Mowday et al. (1979) states that organizational commitment is obtained when employees strongly believe in and accept the goals and values of an organization, when they are willing to do their utmost on behalf of the organization and to stay with the organization. Organizational commitment serves as an important factor impacting several outcome variables including job satisfaction, work performance, turnover rate, leading to the higher level of achievement in many organizations. Organizations try to encourage commitment in their employees in order to achieve stability and improve the efficiency of its human capital. With the increasing speed and scale of changes in organizations, managers are constantly seeking ways to generate greater employees’ commitment and competitive advantage (Lok & Crawford, 2001). Furthermore, Schuster (1998, p. 51) contends “in an era in which organizations frequently confront the necessity of massive change, committed employees can be extremely valuable organizational resource in facilitating rapid adaptation to changing conditions”. Thus, for organizations that want to retain their employees, it is important to recognize factors leading to higher organizational commitment.

Moreover, most of the research on organizational commitment (OC) has been conducted in Western countries and the models on this subject have often been developed and investigated in Western countries too (Meyer & Allen, 1991). In Vietnam, organizational commitment is a topic that has not been studied much and there is a lack of academic research on this issue (Thang, 2003). In reality, not only in the developed economies, but also in developing economies such as Vietnam, managers in organizations face many difficulties in how to retain talents and motivate them to stay with and grow with their organization as well. Because organizational commitment is considered as an important factor in keeping talented employees, employees must be encouraged to participate in corporate activities and thereby strengthening the employees’ commitment over the longterm and the stable development of the organization. This issue becomes even more important in the current context of Vietnam’s economy in line with the globalization trend in trade activities and ever-changing business environment to obtain sustainable development. Thus, it is also important to develop research on organizational commitment to support managers to make effective and efficient managing decision especially in human resource management by identify comprehensive perspectives on the topic.

This study aims to explore the effects of factors, including leadership style, job satisfaction, and work performance, on the organizational commitment in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) enterprises in Vietnam. Moreover, the mediating roles of job satisfaction in the linkage between leadership lifestyle, work performance and organizational commitment are also discovered in this research.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Organizational Commitment

Since the 1970s, organizational commitment is one of the interesting topics that have caught significant attention from many researchers in different workplaces; studies on this topic have developed continuously with a valuable contribution not only to scholarship, but also to practical applications, which are useful for managers in organizations. The results of this research show that organizational commitment is a topic, which can be defined in different ways or seen in terms of diversity. In addition, the definition of this topic is inconsistency (Zin, 1998), which leads to difficulties in accessing and understanding the implications of the research (Darolia et al., 2010). The different perspectives on this topic, which are summarized, show that the nature of organizational commitment is examined in terms of attitudes and behaviors. It is not important whether the commitment process begins with attitudes or behaviors, but more importantly in how relevant their interactions are with behaviors (Mowday et al., 1982).

Although there are several conceptualization of commitment, they seem to reflect one of three general themes: affective attachment, perceived costs, and obligation (Meyer & Allen, 1991). For several authors, the term commitment is used to describe an effective orientation toward the organization. In the affective attachment approach, the most frequently mentioned definition of organizational commitment was evolved by Mowday et al. (1979). They conceptualized organizational commitment as the relative strength of an individual’s identification with involvement in a particular organization (Mowday et al. 1979). According to Allen and Meyer (1990), ensuring continuous and desirable work outcomes of employees lead to positive impact on organizational commitment of employees. In such circumstances, employees easily accept the organizational culture of the company. Vuong et al. (2020) showed that dimensions of transformational leadership and employees’ trust in managers have a significantly positive influence on organizational commitment. In addition, Jatmiko et al., (2020) also reveals that contingent reward has a significant correlation with affective and normative commitment. Meanwhile, transformational leadership style was not found to have an effect on organizational commitment.

In addition, organizational commitment also reflects efforts to complete the task, being proud to be a member of the organization, and loyalty to the organization. When the persons’ extraneous interest exists consistently, it becomes a commitment (Becker, 1960). Organizational commitment is a degree of attachment to the organization seen as commitment (O’Reilly & Chatman, 1986). It has three major components, including a strong belief in the organization and acceptance of the organizations’ goals, a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and a definite desire to maintain organizational membership (Mowday et al., 1979). Major three dimensions of commitments are complaining, identification, and moral (O’Reilly & Chatman, 1986). Organizational commitment is a psychological contract that describes the employees’ relationship to the organization and is meaningful for decisions to continue or stop being a membership of the organization, which focused on the three psychological states of commitment – effective commitment means that the employee wants to stay in the organization from their sincere feelings, continuance commitment refers to the perception of the involved costs when leaving the organization, they realize that it has no chance of finding a better job, and normative commitment of personal responsibility or the ethical standards they pursue to work in the organization (Meyer & Allen, 1991). It is defined as a positive evaluation of organization and purpose of work toward the goal of the organization (Sheldon, 1971). It is described it as support, giving affection for the organizational goals and values, where the role of the employee is to work for the pure goals and values related to the organization (Buchanan, 1974). There have been many research efforts to identify factors that explain the organizational commitment behavior among employees in the FDI enterprises. Research has been done to obtain knowledge related to factors that foster employees’ organizational commitment (Becker, 1960; Mowday et al., 1979; O’Reilly & Chatman, 1986; Meyer & Allen, 1991).

2.2. The Effect of Work Performance

Performance is determined as the period of accumulation to achieve certain work (Simanjuntak, 2011). It reflects that work performance is a period of achievement accumulated by the individual via their work. Eliyana and Muzakki (2018) emphasized that work performance in organization is definitely influenced by three major antecedents: organizational support, management effectiveness or capacities, and work performance of each individual who work at that organization. Rivai et al. (2008) state that work performance is related to working and achievement that derived from work while Eliyana and Muzakki (2018) argue that working performance is examined as an individual’ capacities to perform activities that contribute to the organizational development. Nimalathasan (2010) examined the relationship between employees’ level job satisfaction and performance among employees of People’s Bank in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. The results of the study revealed that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and employees’ work performance. There is a high level of fair promotion, reasonable pay system, appropriate work itself and good working condition that leads to high level of employees’ performance.

It is noteworthy that previous studies reported positive correlations between commitment and work performance. Meyer and Allen (1991), however, argued that since affective, calculative, and normative commitment reflected three different mindsets, they would have distinguishable implications on the outcome behaviors. The desire to belong to the organization (affective commitment) might be the most likely to have a positive correlation with job performance (Ahmad et al., 2010; Hettiarachchi & Jayaeathua, 2014).

H1: Working performance is positively related to organizational commitment.

2.3. The Effect of Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is an interesting or a positive feeling from the evaluation of one’s job or work experience. In the organization, job satisfaction will create positive relationships with employees and retain more engaged employees in the workplace (Tett & Meyer, 1993). Employees, who are satisfied with their work, tend to stay, in contrast to others who are less satisfied, less likely to stay over in their organization (Dong & Phuong, 2018). Employees who experience positive situations at workplace will be more satisfied at work, and ultimately their job satisfaction will enhance organizational commitment (Martono et al., 2020). Thus, job satisfaction is seen as one of the important factors that can shape organizational commitment among employees (Nguyen & Tu, 2020). Job satisfaction is also defined as the level of “favorableness or un favorableness with which workers view their job” (Werther & Davis, 1999, 501). It reflects employees’ general opinion regarding their career. So, a person with high level of job satisfaction lead to positive feelings and emotion related to his/her job. In other words, an individual who are unsatisfactory with his job can have negative attitude towards his duties, then results in lower work performance and organizational commitment (Robbins & Coulter, 2005).

Job satisfaction is also defined by how far employees/ worker are satisfied with their working (Furnham et al., 2009). These two constructs are mutually discussed, the reason is that a person who is satisfied in workplace can have higher motivation to improve his/her productivity as well as have a strong attachment to his/her company. Also, job satisfaction has a linkage with work performance. A company with more satisfied employees seems to be more effective and productive (Chen, 2006; Kertabudi & Aripin, 2015).

H2: Job satisfaction is positively related to work performance

H3: Job satisfaction is positively related to organization commitment.

2.4. The Effect of Leadership Style

Bethel (1995) argues that leadership has a strong ability to affect employee. Leadership is divided into two types: transactional and transformational leadership (Bass, 1997). Hellriegel and Slocum (2006) state that transactional leadership is based on three primary components: contingent reward, active management by exception, and passive management by exception. Tichy and Devanna (1986) presented characteristics regarding the estimation of transformational leadership, including qualities, courage, openness, values, learning and ability of visionary. Leadership style is also reflected in the level of interest of an employee in a higher position for an employee in a lower position in an organization (Currivan, 1999). Leadership styles include the attitude, interest, words, gestures, and actions that superiors or administrators have toward their employees. When employees feel well treated, they receive the attention, support, sympathy and appreciation from their superiors, they will strive to work and desire to contribute more to the organization (Currivan, 1999; Scheweizer & Petzelt, 2012). Purvanova et al., 2006) explained that transformational leadership played a very important role in creating job commitment). Positive behavior of leaders can foster motivation and employee commitment (Akinboye, 2005; Lo et al., 2009). Swanepoel et al. (2000) describe the organizational commitment is encouraged with the leadership style for the successful implementation of business strategies to achieve the organizational goal.

In addition, leadership style and employee job satisfaction are the cornerstones of organizational effectiveness. Leadership style determines job satisfaction (Lo et al., 2009; Long et al., 2014). It affects employees’ motivation and commitment both of which affect the performance of an organization, both in the immediate and longer terms. Therefore, improving leadership style and management capability is an issue that no organization wishing to achieve long-term success can ignore.

H4: Leadership style is positively related to job satisfaction

H5: Leadership style is positively related to work performance

H6: Leadership style is positively related to organizational commitment.

Figure 1 describes the conceptual framework.

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

3. Methodology

3.1. Sampling

The questionnaire is distributed via email to 1,500 employees who are working in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) enterprises in Vietnam. However, only 338 employees fulfilled the survey’s requirements, reaching 22.53%. After removing 26 questionnaires because of blank forms or insufficient responses, the study includes 312 respondents.

The demographic information is represented in Table 1. Results reveal that 53.2% of employees are male, with 46.8% female. 33.7% employees are aged from 25 to 34, followed by 28.5% aged from 34 to 44, 26.9% who are over 44 and 10.9% who are less than 25. More than a half of employees are single, accounts for 56.4%, while 63.8% hold a bachelor degree. In terms of working experience, 36.9% of employees have been working from 4 to 6 years, 22.8% and 22.4% of them have been working for companies more than 6 years and from 1 to 3 years, respectively. Moreover, 36.5% of employees are paid between USD500 and USD1000 each month, 36.5% have a salary from USD1000 to USD2000, and only 14.7% have a salary higher than USD2000.4

Table 1: Demographic information of respondents

Note: N= 312

3.2. Measures

All scales were adopted from prior studies, “leadership style” adapted from Bass and Avoho (2004) (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree); “work performance” adopted from Dinc (2017) ranged from 1 = very poor to 5 = very good; “Job satisfaction” taken from Liu and Bellibas (2018) and organization commitment adapted from Rajabi et al. (2019) with 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree.

3.3. Analysis

This study uses a quantitative research method through four major stages. Firstly, Cronbach’s Alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were employed to test internal consistency reliability of each variable in the research model. Secondly, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to show the model fit, dimensionality, validity, and reliability of variables. Thirdly, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test hypotheses (path coefficients) and the effect of factors on organizational commitment in the research model. Finally, the bootstrapping method was applied to estimate the mediating roles of job satisfaction, work performance in the linkage between leadership style and organizational commitment as well as the ‘work performance’ mediator in the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

4. Results

4.1. Cronbach’s Alpha and Exploratory Factor Analysis

Table 2 reveals that Cronbach’ Alpha of “Leadership Style-LS”, “Working Performance-WP”, “Job SatisfactionJS” and “Organizational Commitment-OC” reached 0.903, 0.822, 0.794 and 0.836, respectively. Thus, all scales are satisfactory for further analysis. Moreover, exploratory factor analysis is employed. Results showed that KaiserMeyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) = 0.858, Sig. Of Bartlett’s test of sphericity < 0.001; Cumulative (%) = 71.239; Eigenvalues =1.178; and all items had loaded on four factors. All scales, therefore, are appropriate for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Table 2: The results of testing internal consistency reliability of each scales​​​​​​​

4.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed that the measurement model has good fit level: Chi-square = 105.644, Chi-square/df = 1.488 < 5; GFI = 0.952; AGFI =0.929; CFI = 0.983; TLI= 0.979; NFI =0.951 > 0.9; RMSEA = 0.040 < 0.05 (Bentler & Bonnett, 1980; Kettinger & Lee, 1995). Also, the CFA results showed that all standardized regression weights are higher than 0.6, the lowest value of standardized regression weights is 0.679 (JS1). All scales have average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR) are higher than 0.5. Thus, all variables in the research model reach the validity and discriminant values (see Table 3).

Table 3: The convergent and discriminant validity of scales​​​​​​​

4.3. Structural Equation Modelling

The results of structural equation modelling revealed that structural model also have good fit level: Chi-square = 105.644, Chi-square/df = 1.488 < 5; GFI = 0.952; AGFI =0.929; CFI = 0.983; TLI= 0.979; NFI =0.951 > 0.9; RMSEA = 0.040 < 0.05 (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Structural equation modelling​​​​​​​

A total of six hypotheses were tested in the study (see Table 4). Five of them are statistically supported, while only one was rejected. In particular, working performance was positively related to organization (β = 0.127; p-value =0.030 < 0.05) (H1 was supported). However, job satisfaction did not affect directly on working performance (β = 0.147; p-value =0.120 > 0.05) (H2 was rejected) while organizational commitment was strongly influenced by job satisfaction (β = 0.224; p-value =0.006 < 0.01) (H3 was supported). Leadership play important role in predicting job satisfaction (β = 0.632; p-value < 0.001) (H4 was supported), working performance (β = 0.240; p-value = 0.029 < 0.05) (H5 was supported), organizational commitment (β = 0.358; p-value < 0.001) (H6 was supported).

Table 4: Direct and indirect effects (standardized estimates)

Note: *** < 0.001​​​​​​​

As mentioned, the bootstrapping method was employed to estimate indirect effects (1000 replications). Results showed that leadership style did not have indirect impact on working performance (β = 0.093; p-value = 0.144 > 0.05) through job satisfaction, which also did not indirectly affect organizational commitment (β = 0.019; p-value = 0.178> 0.05). However, this study investigated that working performance mediated the relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment (β = 0.179; p-value = 0.004 < 0.01).

5. Conclusion

The research was conducted in the context of FDI enterprises in order to explore the factors that predict organizational commitment. The study mainly focused on how working performance, job satisfaction, and leadership style shape organizational commitment. Also, the study investigated the effect of leadership style on job satisfaction and working performance as well as discovering the mediating roles of job satisfaction and working performance in the link between leadership style and organizational commitment. Results showed that leadership style was positively related to job satisfaction, working performance and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction shows the important role in the increase of organization commitment, but not indicate the effect on working performance. In addition, the relationship between working performance and organizational commitment is significant. Moreover, the study confirmed that working performance plays the mediating role in the relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment.

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