Which of the following are typical outcomes for children raised by authoritarian parents quizlet?

Two Dimensions:
a) Acceptance-responsiveness: a dimension of parenting capturing the extent to which parents are supportive, sensitive to their children's needs, and willing to provide affection and praise when their children meet their expectations.

-Accepting, responsive parents are affectionate and often smile at, praise, and encourage their children, although they also let children know when they misbehave. Less accepting and responsive parents are often quick to criticize, belittle, punish, or ignore their children and rarely communicate to children that they are loved and valued.

b) Demandingness-control: refers to how much control over decisions lies with the parent as opposed to with the child.

-Controlling and demanding parents set rules, expect their children to follow them, and monitor their children closely to ensure that the rules are followed. Less controlling and demanding parents make fewer demands and allow their children a great deal of autonomy in exploring the environment, expressing their opinions and emotions, and making decisions about their activities.

Four categories of parenting styles:
1) Authoritarian Parenting: this is a restrictive parenting style combining high demandingness-control and low acceptance-responsiveness. (high control, low emotion)

-Children of authoritarian parents tended to be moody and seemingly unhappy, relatively aimless, and unpleasant to be around.

2) Authoritative Parenting: are more flexible; they are demanding and exert control, but they are also sensitive to their children. (high in both)

-Children raised by authoritative parents were the best adjusted: They were cheerful, socially responsible, self-reliant, achievement oriented, and cooperative with adults and peers.

3) Permissive Parenting: this style is high in acceptance-responsiveness but low in demandingness-control. (low control, high emotion)

Children of permissive parents were often impulsive, aggressive, self-centered, rebellious, aimless, and low in independence and achievement. Note, however, that a warm, permissive style can be effective with older children and adolescents who have developed more self-control and need less guidance.

4) Neglectful Parenting: parents who combine *low* demandingness-control and low acceptance-resplowglectful Parenting: parents who combine *low* demandingness-control and *low* acceptance-responsiveness are relatively uninvolved in their children's upbringing. (low on both)

-Subsequent research has shown that the worst developmental outcomes are associated with the neglectful, uninvolved style of parenting. Children of neglectful parents display behavioral problems such as aggression and frequent temper tantrums as early as age. They tend to become hostile and antisocial adolescents who abuse alcohol and drugs and get in trouble.

Culture: African American parents living in high-crime poverty areas in the United States sometimes rely on authoritarian and even harsh parenting in an effort to protect their children from harm. Their children tend to view this as a sign that their parents care rather than as a sign of hostility and rejection.

Socioeconomic class: Middle-class and lower-class parents as groups have been found to pursue different socialization goals, emphasize different values, and rely on different parenting styles in raising children—with some important implications. Compared with middle-class and upper-class parents, lower-class and working-class parents tend to stress obedience and respect for authority more. They are often more restrictive and authoritarian, reason with their children less frequently, and show less warmth and affection.

Authoritarian- Children are aggressive, but can also be socially inept, shy and cannot make their own decisions.Children in these families have poor self-esteem, are poor judges of character and will rebel against authority figures when they are older.
Authoritative-Kids raised by authoritative parents are more likely to become independent, self-reliant, socially accepted, academically successful, and well-behaved. They are less likely to report depression and anxiety, and less likely to engage in antisocial behavior like delinquency and drug use.
Permissive- Children raised by permissive parents tend to lack self-discipline, possess poor social skills, may be self-involved and demanding, and may feel insecure due to the lack of boundaries and guidance.
Uninvolved- Generally perform poorly in nearly every area of life. These children tend to display deficits in cognition, attachment, emotional skills, and social skills.

Adolescents may become less involved with school, responsibilities, and other activities. Grades will often drop and you may notice a marked increase in truancy. The teen may increase dangerous or self-abusive behavior such as binge drinking, using drugs, and sexual promiscuity.
Having a lower income can create lower self-esteem, increased anger and frustration, and an increased risk of violent behavior.
Marital conflict experiences challenges in adaptive emotionality, including increases in feelings of aloneness, anxiety, depression, and stress.
Remarriage has not shown to be a protective factor for adolescents, however with time the relationship can grow to be more positive as the two have time to bond. Children from disrupted families are shown to exhibit more behavioral problems at school than children from intact families.

Conflicts focus on mundane issues (curfews, leisure time activities, clothing, cleanliness of their rooms).
They stem from different perspectives on issues and violations of expectations.
Contrary to stereotype, adolescents rarely rebel against their parents for the sake of rebelling.
Conflict between parents and children increases during early adolescence.
Struggles are generally over who has authority.
Changes in the Balance of Power
Adolescents try to play a more forceful role in the family, but it can take parents more time to allow adolescents to have some influence. Conflict is common.
To adapt requires a shared sense of what they are experiencing and how they are changing.
Kids and parents can see things very differently
The Role of Puberty
Biological and cognitive maturation at puberty throws the family system out of balance.
Diminished closeness is mostly due to increased teenager privacy and less physical affection than to serious loss of love or respect.
The first half of adolescence may be a particularly strained and distant time.
Because disagreements revolve around parental control, patterns of bickering may vary across cultural groups.
As adolescents mature into young adulthood, their identification with their family grows stronger.
Parent-adolescent relationships differ from family to family.
Socialization is a two-way street; just as parents affect their adolescents' behavior, adolescents affect how their parents behave.
Harsh discipline leads to increases in adolescent behavior problems, but kids' behaviors can bring out aggression from parents, which they contribute to kids growing up aggressive, which is a cyclical dynamic that the youth got in trouble for in the first place!
Adolescents who differ in temperament are affected in different ways by the same parenting. Reflects a genetic-environment interaction.

Poverty
Approximately 20 percent of all adolescents in the U.S. grow up in abject poverty.
An additional 20 percent grow up in low-income families.
Poverty is much more likely to affect the lives of non-White adolescents.
One reason for disparities between White and non-White children is the racial disparity of single-parenthood, and systemic racism.
Because the conditions under which divorce, single parenthood, and remarriage take place vary tremendously from family to family, it is hard to generalize about their effects.
The Effects of Financial Strain
Disruptions in parenting
Increases in adolescent difficulties, including a diminished sense of mastery, increased emotional distress, academic and interpersonal problems, and delinquency
Increased depression and anxiety in parents
Adolescents at risk of a variety of problems
The Impact of Chronic Poverty
Undermines parental effectiveness
Makes parents harsher, more depressed, less involved, less consistent, more embroiled in conflict
For adolescents, causes increased anxiety and depression, more frequent conduct problems, diminished school performance, less prosocial behavior
Families fare better when they have adequate social support and strong times to religious institutions.
Adolescents benefit from parental monitoring, but do not thrive under excessive control.
Homeless Adolescents
1.3 million adolescents are living on the streets any given night.
The Runaway youth population is mostly female (75 percent), between the ages of 12 and 17, with as much as 40 percent LGBTQ teens.
Racial composition varies regionally along with larger populations.
Homeless youth are more likely to engage in risky behaviors.
Number increased after 2008 downturn, but has declined since
They are on streets due to financial ruin or as runaways.
Consequences include illness, poor nutrition, mental health problems, substance abuse, school disruption, "survival sex."

Adolescents and Adoption
Studies of psychological development of adolescents who have been adopted yield mixed findings.
Adopted individuals show relatively higher rates of delinquency, substance use, psychological difficulties, and poorer school performance.
Magnitudes of differences are very small.
Variations due partly to variability in feelings about being adopted.
Adolescents with Lesbian or Gay Parents
Sexual orientation may still be considered in adoption, custody, and parental visitation decisions.
Numerous studies have found that there is no evidence that children or adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are psychologically different than those with straight parents.
One recent study of Dutch children raised by female same-sex couples found that these adolescents scored higher than children raised by opposite-sex couples on measures of tolerance and conflict resolution skills.
Adolescents in Foster Care
Foster care: Placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child's parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety
Nearly one-third of young people in foster care enter as adolescents, generally due to parental maltreatment or delinquency.
Adolescents who have spent time in foster care are at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems.
Emotional and behavioral problems may be a result of the abuse or neglect that necessitated their placement in foster care or from foster care placement itself.
After a period, they are either sent back to their parents or declared independent, if old enough.
Adolescents who feel that their parents or guardians are there for them—caring, involved, and accepting—are healthier, happier, and more competent than their peers.
Despite growing importance of peers, adolescents still need love and support from adults who care about them.

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