In this guide for nursing theories, we aim to help you understand what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, types, or classifications, and give you an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories. Show
What are Nursing Theories?Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it. Nursing theories provide a way to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (e.g., medicine). It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level. Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing practice—nursing science. To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing. As a science, nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses do, and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its own body of knowledge on which delivery of care is based. Defining TermsThe development of nursing theory demands an understanding of selected terminologies, definitions, and assumptions.
History of Nursing TheoriesThe first nursing theories appeared in the late 1800s when a strong emphasis was placed on nursing education.
Four major concepts are frequently interrelated and fundamental to nursing theory: person, environment, health, and nursing. These four are collectively referred to as metaparadigm for nursing. Person, Nursing, Environment, and Health – the four main concepts that make up the nursing metaparadigm. PersonPerson (also referred to as Client or Human Beings) is the recipient of nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities. EnvironmentEnvironment (or situation) is defined as the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. It includes all positive or negative conditions that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where they go for their healthcare. HealthHealth is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care provider. NursingThe nurse’s attributes, characteristics, and actions provide care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. There are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty agreeing on its exact definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care. You’ll find that these four concepts are used frequently and defined differently throughout different nursing theories. Each nurse theorist’s definition varies by their orientation, nursing experience, and different factors that affect the theorist’s nursing view. The person is the main focus, but how each theorist defines the nursing metaparadigm gives a unique take specific to a particular theory. To give you an example, below are the different definitions of various theorists on the nursing metaparadigm: An overview of the nursing metaparadigm of different nursing theories. (Click to enlarge) Components of Nursing TheoriesFor a theory to be a theory, it has to contain concepts, definitions, relational statements, and assumptions that explain a phenomenon. It should also explain how these components relate to each other. PhenomenonA term given to describe an idea or response about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. Phenomena may be temporary or permanent. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing. ConceptsInterrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are used to help describe or label a phenomenon. They are words or phrases that identify, define, and establish structure and boundaries for ideas generated about a particular phenomenon. Concepts may be abstract or concrete.
DefinitionsDefinitions are used to convey the general meaning of the concepts of the theory. Definitions can be theoretical or operational.
Relational StatementsRelational statements define the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to one another. AssumptionsAssumptions are accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs. These statements explain the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory. Why are Nursing Theories Important?Nursing theories are the basis of nursing practice today. In many cases, nursing theory guides knowledge development and directs education, research, and practice. Historically, nursing was not recognized as an academic discipline or as a profession we view today. Before nursing theories were developed, nursing was considered to be a task-oriented occupation. The training and function of nurses were under the direction and control of the medical profession. Let’s take a look at the importance of nursing theory and its significance to nursing practice:
Purposes of Nursing TheoriesThe primary purpose of theory in nursing is to improve practice by positively influencing the health and quality of life of patients. Nursing theories are also developed to define and describe nursing care, guide nursing practice, and provide a basis for clinical decision-making. In the past, the accomplishments of nursing led to the recognition of nursing in an academic discipline, research, and profession. In Academic DisciplineMuch of the earlier nursing programs identified the major concepts in one or two nursing models, organized the concepts, and build an entire nursing curriculum around the created framework. These models’ unique language was typically introduced into program objectives, course objectives, course descriptions, and clinical performance criteria. The purpose was to explain the fundamental implications of the profession and enhance the profession’s status. In ResearchThe development of theory is fundamental to the research process, where it is necessary to use theory as a framework to provide perspective and guidance to the research study. Theory can also be used to guide the research process by creating and testing phenomena of interest. To improve the nursing profession’s ability to meet societal duties and responsibilities, there needs to be a continuous reciprocal and cyclical connection with theory, practice, and research. This will help connect the perceived “gap” between theory and practice and promote the theory-guided practice. In ProfessionClinical practice generates research questions and knowledge for theory. In a clinical setting, its primary contribution has been the facilitation of reflecting, questioning, and thinking about what nurses do. Because nurses and nursing practice are often subordinate to powerful institutional forces and traditions, introducing any framework that encourages nurses to reflect on, question, and think about what they do provide an invaluable service. Classification of Nursing TheoriesThere are different ways to categorize nursing theories. They are classified depending on their function, levels of abstraction, or goal orientation. By AbstractionThere are three major categories when classifying nursing theories based on their level of abstraction: grand theory, middle-range theory, and practice-level theory. Levels of Nursing Theory According to Abstraction Grand Nursing Theories
Middle-Range Nursing Theories
Practice-Level Nursing Theories
By Goal OrientationTheories can also be classified based on their goals. They can be descriptive or prescriptive. Descriptive Theories
Factor-Isolating Theory
Explanatory Theory
Prescriptive Theories
Other Ways of Classifying Nursing TheoriesClassification According to Meleis Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (2011), in her book Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress, organizes the major nurse theories and models using the following headings: needs theories, interaction theories, and outcome theories. These categories indicate the basic philosophical underpinnings of the theories.
Classification According to Alligood In her book, Nursing Theorists and Their Work, Raile Alligood (2017) categorized nursing theories into four headings: nursing philosophy, nursing conceptual models, nursing theories and grand theories, and middle-range nursing theories.
You’ve learned from the previous sections the definition of nursing theory, its significance in nursing, and its purpose in generating a nursing knowledge base. This section will give you an overview and summary of the various published works in nursing theory (in chronological order). Deep dive into learning about the theory by clicking on the links provided for their biography and comprehensive review of their work. Florence NightingaleSee Also: Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory and Biography
Hildegard E. PeplauSee Also: Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory
Virginia HendersonSee Also: Virginia Henderson: Nursing Need Theory
Faye Glenn AbdellahSee Also: Faye Glenn Abdellah: 21 Nursing Problems Theory
Ernestine Wiedenbach
Lydia E. HallSee Also: Lydia Hall: Care, Cure, Core Theory
Joyce Travelbee
Kathryn E. Barnard
Evelyn Adam
Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan, and Alison J. Tierney
Ida Jean OrlandoSee Also: Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Process Theory
Jean WatsonSee Also: Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring
Marilyn Anne Ray
Patricia Benner
Kari Martinsen
Katie Eriksson
Myra Estrin LevineSee Also: Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Model for Nursing
Martha E. RogersSee Also: Martha Rogers: Theory of Unitary Human Beings
Dorothea E. OremSee Also: Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Care Theory
Imogene M. KingSee Also: Imogene M. King: Theory of Goal Attainment
Betty NeumanSee Also: Betty Neuman: Neuman’s Systems Model
Sister Callista RoySee Also: Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model of Nursing
Dorothy E. JohnsonSee Also: Dorothy E. Johnson: Behavioral Systems Model
Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
Nola J. PenderSee Also: Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model
Madeleine M. LeiningerSee Also: Madeleine M. Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory
Margaret A. Newman
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain
Gladys L. Husted and James H. Husted
Ramona T. Mercer
Merle H. Mishel
Pamela G. Reed
Carolyn L. Wiener and Marylin J. Dodd
Georgene Gaskill Eakes, Mary Lermann Burke, and Margaret A. Hainsworth
Phil Barker
Katharine Kolcaba
Cheryl Tatano Beck
Kristen M. Swanson
Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley M. Moore
ReferencesSuggested readings and resources for this study guide:
What are the three main purposes of the critical appraisal process?The three main purposes of the critical appraisal process are to: First, making it easier for us to identify the most relevant parts of the research. assumptions. recognizing improper studies.
What are the four types of nursing research?The four types of qualitative research designs most often used to conduct nursing research include: 1) phenomenology, 2) grounded theory, 3) ethnography, and 4) narrative inquiry.
What is included in the critical appraisal guidelines of a research study quizlet?Critical appraisal that includes the following three steps (1) identifying the steps of the research process, (2) determining study strengths and weaknesses, and (3) evaluating the credibility and meaning of a study.
What is a major purpose of a critical appraisal of a study quizlet?An intellectual critical appraisal involves careful examination of all aspects of a study to judge the strengths, weaknesses, meaning, credibility, and significance of a study.
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