Show Recommended textbook solutionsHDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Upgrade to remove ads Only ₩37,125/year
Terms in this set (26)1. What are the four main goals of scientific research? • Description, prediction, explanation, application 2 What are the three main characteristics of a true experimental design, and how is control exerted? • The three main characteristics of a true experimental design are that researchers manipulate an independent variable with treatment and comparison conditions, there is a high degree of control, and random assignment. Control is exerted especially through random assignment of conditions, so the two groups are equally balanced on secondary variables. 1. Which characteristic is often missing in quasi-experimental designs? •
Quasi-experiments typically lack random assignment 1. What are the three criteria for internal validity? Which one is most challenging for quasi-experiments? • Three criteria 5. What additional steps should we take to deal with plausible alternatives in quasi-experiments? • Create a nonequivalent control group design, a treatment group and a comparison group are compared using pretest and posttest measures 6. What do we mean by threats to internal validity and what are eight main types of these threats? • Threats to internal validity are confounds that serve as plausible alternative explanations for a research finding. 7. What do we mean by contamination and what are three ways it can influence independent groups? • Contamination: Occurs when
there is communication of information about the experiment between groups of participants 8. What are the four main differences between true and quasi-experimental designs? • Quasi-experiments provide an important alternative when true experiments are not possible. 9. What do they mean by the pre-experimental design and why does it have so little internal validity? • A pre-experimental design is a one-group pretest-posttest design, or a bad experiment, because it has so little internal validity. It has such little internal validity because any obtained difference between the pretest and posttest scores could be due to the treatment or to any of several threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, instrumentation threats, experimenter expectancy effects,
and novelty effects. Researchers cannot make any conclusions about the effectiveness of treatment in this bad experiment. 10. What do we mean by a non-equivalent control group and what are the advantages to having one? • In a non-equivalent control group design, a treatment group and a comparison group are compared using pretest and posttest measures. The advantages to having one is that researchers can more confidently make a claim about the effect of treatment if the two groups are similar in their pretest scores prior to treatment but differ in their posttest scores following treatment. Threats to internal validity like history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression can be controlled in this type of design. 11. What do you think the take home Methods messages were from the Langer and Rodin study? • The take home message from the Langer and Rodin study was that quasi-experiments often assess the overall effectiveness of a treatment that has many components. The experiment evaluated the overall treatment "package," not the individual
components. Follow up research then must be done to determine which components are critical for achieving the treatment effect. 12. What do we mean by external validity and how do we evaluate that in quasi-experimental research? • External validity is the extent to which the findings in research can be generalized to the population. The best evidence for the external validity of
research findings is replication with different populations, settings and times. 13. What do we mean by a simple interrupted time-series, and what are we looking for in these designs? • A simple interrupted time-series design involves researchers examining a series of observations both before and after a treatment. We are looking for abrupt changes or discontinuities in the time-series data at the time that the treatment was implemented. 14. How does a non-equivalent control group help with that quest? • A non-equivalent control group helps with that request because it can control the major threats to internal validity such as history effects and changes in measurement that occur at the same time as the treatment.
15. What research would you propose to provide stronger evidence for the relationship between problem solving skills and stress levels? What secondary variables would you want to control, or measure? o Did on other exam Be
prepared to put together a quasi-experiment using one of the following designs: o Example of each from PowerPoints order/practice effects Practice effects happen when a participant's performance in repeated measures designs could potentially change across conditions simply because of repeated testing- not because of independent variable, getting used to experiment, boredom, should be balanced across conditions in repeated measures designs so that practice effects "average out" across conditions (counterbalancing) history: The occurrence of an event other than the treatment that can threaten internal validity if it produces changes in the research participants' behavior maturation Change associated with the passage of time per se is called maturation. Changes participants undergo in an experiment that are due to maturation and not due to the treatment can threaten internal validity testing Taking a test generally has an effect on subsequent testing. Testing can threaten internal validity if the effect of a treatment cannot be separated from the effect of testing. instrumentation Changes over time can take place not only in the participants of an experiment, but also in the instruments used to measure the participants' performance. These changes due to instrumentation can threaten internal validity if they cannot be separated from the effect of the treatment. regression Statistical regression can occur when individuals have been selected to participate in an experiment because of their "extreme" scores. Statistical regression is a threat to internal validity because individuals selected from extreme groups would be expected to have less extreme scores on a second test (the "posttest") without any treatment simply due to statistical regression. subject attrition A threat to internal validity occurs when participants are lost from an experiment, for example, when participants drop out of the research project. The loss of participants changes the nature of a group from that established prior to the introduction of the treatment—for example, by destroying the equivalence of groups that had been established through random assignment. selection Selection is a threat to internal validity when, from the outset of a study, differences exist between the kinds of individuals in one group and those in another group in the experiment. contamination: Occurs when there is communication of information about the experiment between groups of participants novelty effects: Threats to internal validity of a study that occur when people's behavior changes simply because an innovation (e.g., a treatment) produces excitement, energy, and enthusiasm; a Hawthorne effect is a special case of novelty effects. Students also viewedJarvis Chapter 23: Musculoskeletal System52 terms Mibriz04 Ch. 9 Test20 terms amessina1234 NURS262 Exam 2 Practice Questions234 terms Allison_Keller8Plus Chapter 11 research methods81 terms css2017 Sets found in the same folderChapter 11- Data Analysis- Descriptive Statistics16 terms fantastickmills Chapter 12- Data Analysis- Inferential Statistics23 terms fantastickmills Research Ch. 12 Factorial Designs54 terms jrderrick Chapter 11 - Factorial Designs20 terms klindle Other sets by this creatorPharmacology70 terms fantastickmills Lab Values44 terms fantastickmills Functional Assessment of the Older Adult18 terms fantastickmills Domestic & Family Violence Assessment10 terms fantastickmills Verified questions
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HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, Being13th EditionMichael R Solomon 449 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Other Quizlet setsExam 188 terms maria_salasontiveros Psychology Chapter 3 Flash Cards Aidan Killer25 terms Springboy64 exam 2 CCJ 4700 Experiments12 terms Lacyc7 Chapter 1+2 Short Answers23 terms calopes95 What is the main threat to the internal validity of a one group pretestAnother threat to the internal validity of one-group pretest-posttest designs is testing which refers to when the act of measuring the dependent variable during the pretest affects participants' responses at posttest.
What are the threats to internal validity when using pretest post test designs?There are eight threats to internal validity: history, maturation, instrumentation, testing, selection bias, regression to the mean, social interaction and attrition.
What is the main problem of a one group pre test posttest design?The problem with this approach is that the difference between the outcome of the pretest and the posttest might be due to factors other than the intervention.
What is a one group pretestA one-group, pretest/posttest design is when a researcher recruits one group of participants, measures them on a pretest, exposes them to a treatment, then measures them on a posttest. Maturation threats, history threats, regression threats, attrition threats, testing threats, instrumentation threats.
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