When are attitudes most likely to predict behavior choose every correct answer

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) started as the Theory of Reasoned Action in 1980 to predict an individual's intention to engage in a behavior at a specific time and place. The theory was intended to explain all behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control. The key component to this model is behavioral intent; behavioral intentions are influenced by the attitude about the likelihood that the behavior will have the expected outcome and the subjective evaluation of the risks and benefits of that outcome.  

The TPB has been used successfully to predict and explain a wide range of health behaviors and intentions including smoking, drinking, health services utilization, breastfeeding, and substance use, among others. The TPB states that behavioral achievement depends on both motivation (intention) and ability (behavioral control). It distinguishes between three types of beliefs - behavioral, normative, and control. The TPB is comprised of six constructs that collectively represent a person's actual control over the behavior.

1. Attitudes - This refers to the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest. It entails a consideration of the outcomes of performing the behavior.
2. Behavioral intention - This refers to the motivational factors that influence a given behavior where the stronger the intention to perform the behavior, the more likely the behavior will be performed.
3. Subjective norms - This refers to the belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior. It relates to a person's beliefs about whether peers and people of importance to the person think he or she should engage in the behavior.  
4. Social norms - This refers to the customary codes of behavior in a group or people or larger cultural context. Social norms are considered normative, or standard, in a group of people.
5. Perceived power - This refers to the perceived presence of factors that may facilitate or impede performance of a behavior. Perceived power contributes to a person's perceived behavioral control over each of those factors.
6. Perceived behavioral control - This refers to a person's perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest. Perceived behavioral control varies across situations and actions, which results in a person having varying perceptions of behavioral control depending on the situation. This construct of the theory was added later, and created the shift from the Theory of Reasoned Action to the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Limitations of the Theory of Planned Behavior

There are several limitations of the TPB, which include the following:  

• It assumes the person has acquired the opportunities and resources to be successful in performing the desired behavior, regardless of the intention.
• It does not account for other variables that factor into behavioral intention and motivation, such as fear, threat, mood, or past experience.
• While it does consider normative influences, it still does not take into account environmental or economic factors that may influence a person's intention to perform a behavior.
• It assumes that behavior is the result of a linear decision-making process, and does not consider that it can change over time.
• While the added construct of perceived behavioral control was an important addition to the theory, it doesn't say anything about actual control over behavior.
• The time frame between "intent" and "behavioral action" is not addressed by the theory.

The TPB has shown more utility in public health than the Health Belief Model, but it is still limiting in its inability to consider environmental and economic influences. Over the past several years, researchers have used some constructs of the TPB and added other components from behavioral theory to make it a more integrated model. This has been in response to some of the limitations of the TPB in addressing public health problems.

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A 13-year old girl spreads false rumors about someone in order to harm his reputation. This is an example of which type of aggression?

Choose one answer.

	a. Indirect aggression
	b. Instrumental aggression
	c. Hostile aggression
	d. Because violence is not involved, this example does not represent aggression.

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A person’s self-concept refers to:

Choose one answer.

	a. the idea that the person feels good when thinking about the self.
	b. the person’s collection of ideas about his or her qualities and characteristics.
	c. the idea that a person thinks he or she can control most events in life.
	d. the person’s ideas of who he or she ideally wants to be.

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A social psychologist who is consulted about the selection of jury members who would be most sympathetic to the defendant would likely say that all of the following are important considerations except:

Choose one answer.

	a. how similar the jurors are to the defendant.
	b. how the jurors feel about weapons if a weapon was used in the alleged crime.
	c. how much jurors get paid for each day that they sit in court.
	d. whether the jurors are from the same social class as the defendant.

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A social psychologist would be least likely to study:

Choose one answer.

	a. how the presence of other people affects a person’s behavior.
	b. how a serial killer can be treated with psychotherapy.
	c. how a salesperson uses specific techniques to increase the chances of making a sale.
	d. how juries tend to make decisions.

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According to the social comparison theory, people are most likely to socially compare themselves to others in which situation?

Choose one answer.

	a. When alone with their thoughts
	b. In the presence of others
	c. In times of uncertainty
	d. In times of certainty

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According to the socio-cultural perspective, all of the following conditions facilitate reciprocal helping except:

Choose one answer.

	a. Social group living
	b. Mutual dependence
	c. Lack of rigid dominance hierarchy
	d. Intergroup hostility

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According to your readings, the benefits of including the target’s perspective in understanding aspects of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination include all of the following except:

Choose one answer.

	a. Considering the target’s perspective offers a more complete understanding of the phenomena.
	b. Considering the target’s perspective yields information about the consequence of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.
	c. Considering the target’s perspective can give a voice to and validate the experience of minorities and other historical groups who are the target of such discrimination.
	d. Considering the target’s perspective places blame on the victims.

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According to your readings, what is the relationship between a negative self-relevant experience and compliance?

Choose one answer.

	a. People are more likely to comply to others’ requests when their self-concepts have been threatened.
	b. People are less likely to comply to others’ requests when their self-concepts have been threatened.
	c. There is no relationship between self-threat and compliance.
	d. Women are more likely than men to comply after self-threat.

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After a frustrating day at work, Mark likes to go to Rugby games. He states that "There is nothing like a good physical game to help me get the frustration out of my system." According to research in social psychology, after watching a particularly violent game, Mark is:

Choose one answer.

	a. likely to be more aroused and aggressive.
	b. likely to be calmer and more relaxed.
	c. likely to be more upset when he sees fights in future games.
	d. less likely to get in a fight later that evening

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An alternative explanation for Leon and Festinger’s (1959) results centers around Bem’s self-perception theory and posits which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The participants’ actions conflicted with their normally positive view of themselves.
	b. People must self-justify their actions if they run counter to their attitudes.
	c. The participants inferred their attitudes from their behaviors.
	d. Participants were unable to access their attitudes in memory without monetary incentives.

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An environmental social psychologist would probably study each of the following except:

Choose one answer.

	a. how advertisements in a subway station affect sales.
	b. the effects of crowding on aggression.
	c. how the color of walls affects mood.
	d. how the design of the seating arrangement in a waiting area affects people waiting there.

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Applications of social psychology to health and well-being have focused on all of the following except:

Choose one answer.

	a. weight loss.
	b. relaxation training.
	c. the helplessness patients often feel in hospitals.
	d. how to help people pay for rising health care costs.

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As a personnel psychologist, Chris would be most interested in:

Choose one answer.

	a. how charisma affects a work supervisor’s ability to motivate employees.
	b. how to hire good employees for the company.
	c. finding out whether longtime employees speak well of the company to others.
	d. restructuring the organization to be more efficient.

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As temperatures increase, so does the likelihood of riots. This finding best fits which model of aggression?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive
	b. Social learning
	c. Negative affect escape
	d. Aggression-associated cues

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Asch’s experiments were a series of studies which demonstrated which social psychological phenomenon?

Choose one answer.

	a. Compliance
	b. Obedience
	c. Conformity
	d. Bystander effect

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At an outdoor flea market, you notice a vendor is offering free bookmarks at his stand. This vendor is probably hoping to increase the likelihood that people will buy from him through which persuasive principle in social psychology?

Choose one answer.

	a. Scarcity
	b. Liking
	c. Social validation
	d. Reciprocation

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Bandura's social learning theory holds that we will likely behave aggressively if:

Choose one answer.

	a. we are ignored after engaging in aggressive behavior.
	b. we see someone else rewarded for aggressive behavior.
	c. we are sexually aroused.
	d. we see someone else punished for behaving aggressively.

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Basic research addresses fundamental questions about the nature of human social behavior, such as:

Choose one answer.

	a. What makes people behave aggressively?
	b. Are attractive defendants treated more leniently in the court system than unattractive ones?
	c. How can we train employee supervisors to be better leaders?
	d. What is the best strategy to use for someone who wants to stop smoking?

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Hazing is a good example of which of the following social psychological phenomena?

Choose one answer.

	a. External justification
	b. Internal justification
	c. Effort justification
	d. Counter attitudinal advocacy

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Hostile aggression involves:

Choose one answer.

	a. purely physical violence.
	b. inflicting harm for its own sake.
	c. hurting a person while trying to achieve some other goal.
	d. the police shooting at a violent crime suspect.

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Human factors psychologists study how people:

Choose one answer.

	a. motivate employees.
	b. are affected by receiving periodic pay bonuses.
	c. react to being laid off from their jobs.
	d. interact with machines.

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If a person makes an internal attribution about the cause of someone’s behavior, it means the cause was:

Choose one answer.

	a. something in the environment.
	b. something situational.
	c. something related to the actor’s disposition or traits.
	d. something that can only be understood with effortful processing.

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In Asch’s experiments, participants do NOT conform to the incorrect answers espoused by their peers about what percent of the time?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1
	b. 10
	c. 25
	d. 50

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In Leon and Festinger’s (1959) classic experiment on cognitive dissonance, which group experienced the biggest shift in attitude and why?

Choose one answer.

	a. The $1 group had the biggest shift in attitude because they had the least external justification for their actions.
	b. The $20 group had the biggest shift in attitude because they felt the greatest dissonance and the most guilt from their actions.
	c. The $1 group had the biggest shift in attitude because the smaller the payment the less guilt is experienced.
	d. The $20 group had the biggest shift in attitude because they had the least internal justification for their actions.

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In North America, personal characteristics, such as empathy and cooperation, have a female connotation. Bem (1981) discussed this phenomenon in terms of what self-referent phenomenon?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-regulation of gender
	b. Society-in-self
	c. Self-reference bias
	d. Gender schema

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In one experiment, children were given the opportunity to take candy without foreseeable punishment. Half the children were randomly assigned to a group in which the bowl of candy was placed directly in front of a mirror, such that the children would watch themselves stealing the candy. The rest of the children were randomly assigned to a group in which there was no such mirror. Given this description, you might predict that:

Choose one answer.

	a. increased public self-awareness would make those children in the mirror group less likely to steal than the children in the non-mirror group.
	b. increased public self-awareness would make those children in the mirror group more likely to steal than the children in the non-mirror group.
	c. increased private self-awareness would make those children in the mirror group less likely to steal than the children in the non-mirror group.
	d. increased private self-awareness would make those children in the mirror group more likely to steal than the children in the non-mirror group.

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In one study in your readings, student athletes were told that they would take a test that was either diagnostic or non-diagnostic of intelligence. They were then randomly assigned to either an experimental group, in which they received a questionnaire designed to prime negative stereotypes, or a control group, in which the questionnaire was given after the test. Which description best describes the results of the study?

Choose one answer.

	a. The prime negatively affected performance but only in the diagnostic condition.
	b. The prime negatively affected performance in both the diagnostic and non-diagnostic conditions.
	c. The prime did not affect performance because student athletes are more confident than other groups.
	d. The prime positively affected performance in diagnostic conditions because athletes felt like they had to prove that the stereotype was wrong.

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In one study, the researchers found that participants with negative self-views displayed more commitment to spouses who evaluated them unfavorably than to those spouses who evaluated them favorably. The researchers explained this phenomenon through which theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Marriage aggrandizement
	b. Fundamental attribution error
	c. Proximity seeking
	d. Self-verification theory

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In Schachter’s (1959) study on affiliation, differences in the desire to affiliate were found between high anxiety participants and low anxiety participants. Which of the following best describes the basic results?

Choose one answer.

	a. Individuals in high anxiety situations had a higher desire to affiliate than individuals in low anxiety situations.
	b. Individuals in low anxiety situations had a higher desire to affiliate than individuals in high anxiety situations.
	c. There was a similar need to affiliate among both those participants in the high anxiety situation and those in the low anxiety situation.
	d. There was no particular pattern. The results seemed to be affected by a third variable that was not studied.

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Individuals with reduced self-complexity may experience all of the following outcomes except:

Choose one answer.

	a. more negative moods after failure.
	b. greater likelihood of depression.
	c. greater likelihood of physical illness.
	d. more positive moods after failure.

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Information social influence suggests that sometimes people conform to what others are doing because:

Choose one answer.

	a. they want do the correct thing.
	b. they think it will make them more popular.
	c. they think it will make them look smart.
	d. they want to be seen as likeable.

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It is often the case that social psychological researchers go to great lengths to hide the true nature of the study. Which technique/procedure might be employed when this is the case?

Choose one answer.

	a. The manipulation of an independent variable
	b. The use of multiple conditions
	c. A macro-level analysis approach
	d. The use of a cover story

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Johnny notices that Tommy is better at playing basketball than he is. In social psychology, we might say that Johnny is engaging in:

Choose one answer.

	a. downward social comparison, which may lower his self-esteem in the moment.
	b. upward social comparison, which may lower his self-esteem in the moment.
	c. downward social comparison, which may raise/improve his self-esteem in the moment.
	d. upward social comparison, which may raise/improve his self-esteem in the moment.

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Loneliness is linked to all of the following factors except:

Choose one answer.

	a. gender.
	b. age.
	c. feelings of hopelessness.
	d. accumulated wealth.

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Milgram’s famous study provided insight into which of the following phenomena?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conformity
	b. Cognitive dissonance
	c. Obedience
	d. Altruism

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Part of what was so stunning about Milgram’s findings was that:

Choose one answer.

	a. people were much more obedient than anyone thought they would be when ordered to deliver an electric shock to another person.
	b. people in the U.S. were unwilling to obey an authority figure who told them to harm another person, thus showing high moral courage.
	c. people with sadistic personalities were much more obedient than any other group.
	d. after playing the role of the “learner” who received electric shocks, the participants were abusive when they switched to the role of the “teacher.”

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Relationship researchers in social psychology often study the factors related to interpersonal attraction. Please answer the question about the hypothetical situation that follows based on your knowledge of interpersonal attraction: John is a freshman undergraduate and has just moved to the dorms. With whom is John most likely to develop a relationship?

Choose one answer.

	a. Someone with whom he shares a great deal of common values
	b. Someone with whom he shares a great deal of common interests
	c. Someone with whom he has similar demographic characteristics
	d. Someone with whom he is in close proximity

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Repeatedly pairing the image of an attractive model with a particular brand is an example of how which type of learning affects attitudes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Classical conditioning
	b. Operant conditioning
	c. Instrumental conditioning
	d. Behavior conditioning

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Research has found that unpredictable noise in the environment affects all of the following except:

Choose one answer.

	a. sleep.
	b. blood pressure.
	c. frustration levels.
	d. desire to exercise.

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Research has shown that female math students taking a difficult test show a drop in performance when told that the test reveals gender differences in math ability. This is an example of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Modern racism
	b. Compliance
	c. Obedience
	d. Stereotype threat

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Research on bystander apathy shows that:

Choose one answer.

	a. people who appear to be responsible for their own troubles get less help from others.
	b. attractive people are no more or less likely to get help from others.
	c. people tend to help people even if doing so costs them a lot of money or time.
	d. people in a hurry are still likely to help someone if the person appears to have lost consciousness.

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Research shows that the most useful way of combating stereotypes is to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Increase empathy by having people take on another’s perspective
	b. Increase categorical thinking but turn negative associations into positive ones
	c. Increase contact, which helps to disconfirm biases
	d. Increase ego-threat as that often prompts a re-evaluation of values

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Self-discrepancies are most directly associated with which of the following reactions?

Choose one answer.

	a. An increase in negative emotions
	b. An increase in social comparison activities
	c. An increase in self-regulation
	d. An increase in self-esteem

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Sherif’s famous autokinetic light effect study showed that:

Choose one answer.

	a. participants were not aware of how their opinions shifted in the presence of others.
	b. participants were completely aware of how their opinions shifted in the presence of others.
	c. participants were disinterested in discussing the topic with others.
	d. participants knew ahead of time that the apparent movement of the light was false.

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Social psychologists rely heavily on which of the following methods to understand the causes of behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. Experiments
	b. Correlational studies
	c. Descriptive studies
	d. Placebo studies

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Social psychologists who study health-related applications would probably be most interested in:

Choose one answer.

	a. how the label of being “sick” affects people with a chronic illness.
	b. how children learn about food groups.
	c. whether a low-carb diet is better than a low-fat diet.
	d. whether a new exercise machine is better for a cardio workout than a traditional treadmill.

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Sometimes in social situations we look at what others are doing in order to decide if we are doing the correct thing. This phenomenon illustrates the influence of:

Choose one answer.

	a. authority.
	b. obedience.
	c. compliance.
	d. social validation.

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The arousal cost-reward model of helping posits that witnessing an emergency is emotionally arousing and is generally experienced as an uncomfortable tension that we, as bystanders, seek to decrease. Which concept does this sound the most similar to?

Choose one answer.

	a. The cognitive/neo-association model of aggression
	b. The theory of cognitive dissonance
	c. The audience inhibition effect
	d. Social dominance theory

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The degree to which we include others in self most directly affects which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. How much we like another person
	b. How intimate a relationship we have with another person
	c. The degree to which we behaviorally try to separate ourselves from others
	d. How attractive we find another person

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The effect of intergroup contact on reducing prejudice is significantly enhanced if:

Choose one answer.

	a. contact is supported by institutional leaders.
	b. contact is minimal at first and then gradually increases over time.
	c. differences in status are preserved during intergroup contact.
	d. groups experience a lot of competition.

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The fact that social dominance orientation is positively correlated with levels of prejudice supports which of the following conclusions?

Choose one answer.

	a. People with higher levels of negative affect tend to have higher levels of prejudice.
	b. Subservience is related to lower levels of prejudice.
	c. Rigid categorical thinking is a central ingredient to prejudice.
	d. Power has little to do with justifying the status quo

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The idea that positive outcomes should play a larger role in self-concept formation than negative outcomes is most closely associated with which of the following phenomena?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-serving bias
	b. Self-perception
	c. Self-complexity
	d. Social comparison

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The social exchange theory of affiliation is based on which of the following premises about human nature?

Choose one answer.

	a. People are basically meaning seekers and form/maintain relationships to accomplish this goal.
	b. People are more or less hedonists and form/maintain relationships in service of their own well-being.
	c. People seek affiliation for genetic reasons and are wired to affiliate with others.
	d. People seek relationships because they think doing so is the purpose of life.

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The tendency to negate the occurrence of negative interpersonal memories and event is referred to as:

Choose one answer.

	a. marital dissatisfaction.
	b. marital aggrandizement.
	c. marital delusion.
	d. confirmation bias.

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The theory of cognitive dissonance holds that people use which of the following to reduce dissonance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive store
	b. Motivational drive
	c. Affective reactions
	d. Logic

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What ability provides us with the capacity to delay immediate gratification in service of long-term goals?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-awareness
	b. Self-esteem
	c. Self-regulation
	d. Self-aggrandizement

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What is NOT a reason that physical attractiveness tends to lead to increased liking and better outcomes?

Choose one answer.

	a. People believe that attractiveness is correlated with other positive characteristics.
	b. There is a great deal of research showing that physical attractiveness is related to intelligence.
	c. According to evolutionary theory, attractiveness may provide a clue to reproductive fitness and health.
	d. People who associate with attractive people are seen as more attractive themselves.

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What is one distinction between stereotypes and discrimination?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stereotypes involve affect whereas discrimination involves cognitions.
	b. Stereotypes include both affect and behavior whereas discrimination involves only behavior.
	c. Stereotypes are always destructive whereas discrimination is not uniformly so.
	d. Stereotypes involve cognitions whereas discrimination involves behavior.

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What is one of the most popular techniques for probing biases that are often below conscious awareness?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-report measures
	b. Implicit association test
	c. Brain-imaging techniques
	d. Peer reports

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What type of attachment style is characterized by trust but is combined with a feeling of being unworthy of love and a fear of abandonment?

Choose one answer.

	a. Secure
	b. Dismissing-avoidant
	c. Preoccupied
	d. Fearful-avoidant

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What types of relationships are characterized by the principle that people are to be given what they need?

Choose one answer.

	a. Communal relationships
	b. Acquaintance relationships
	c. Exchange relationships
	d. Work relationships

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When others are present, people often believe they are less personally responsible. This phenomenon is called:

Choose one answer.

	a. the audience inhibition effect.
	b. weighing the costs and benefits.
	c. mistaken responsibility.
	d. diffusion of responsibility.

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Which cognitive error represents the propensity toward overestimating the contribution of disposition to a particular behavior and underestimating the contribution of the situation to behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. The confirmation bias
	b. The self-reference effect
	c. The fundamental attribution error
	d. The illusory correlation

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Which famous case highlights the social psychological phenomenon known as the Bystander effect, in which individuals do NOT offer help in an emergency?

Choose one answer.

	a. The case of Kitty Genovese
	b. The Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal
	c. The murder of the Black Dalia
	d. The tsunami of 2004

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Which of following findings is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective of helping?

Choose one answer.

	a. The tendency to help blood relatives
	b. Observing high levels of altruistic behavior in families
	c. The principle of kin selection
	d. Children learning to help others by watching Sesame Street

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Which of the following best captures some of the main functions of attitudes?

Choose one answer.

	a. They contribute to social identity, feelings of mastery, and self-esteem.
	b. They allow us to be more aware of our surroundings in the moment.
	c. When confronted with a problem, they allow us to see a variety of responses available to us.
	d. They are inherently social in nature and allow us to connect to those around us.

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Which of the following best captures the current thinking/research on cognitive dissonance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cognitive dissonance is learned over time through operant conditioning, which pairs consequences with actions that are out of accordance with ones attitudes.
	b. Cognitive dissonance is learned later in life, only when one’s self-concept is fully formed.
	c. Cognitive dissonance is a core process, which may be more automatic and innate than once thought.
	d. Cognitive dissonance is not a common phenomenon in “real life” situations, as the forced-compliance methodology rarely occurs in real life.

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Which of the following best describes the concept of outgroup homogeneity?

Choose one answer.

	a. People tend to see outgroup members as more alike than ingroup members.
	b. There is more homogeneity of outgroup members than ingroup members.
	c. Ingroup members are derogated as “the grass is always greener on the other side.”
	d. Ingroup members are unable to appreciate outgroup differences, even if they are motivated.

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Which of the following best represents an important boundary condition that affects whether or not people comply following self-threat experiences?

Choose one answer.

	a. The level of self-threat
	b. The context of the threat and compliance opportunity (public versus private contexts)
	c. The mood state of the participant
	d. The big 5 personality traits of the participant

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Which of the following conditions fosters the formation of outcome biased self-inferences (the propensity of individuals to judge oneself as being more positive on a trait)?

Choose one answer.

	a. The more the outcome reflects a trait dimension that enhances or protects the self, the greater the outcome-biased self-judgment
	b. The more central the dimension, the greater the outcome-biased self-judgment
	c. The less central the dimension, the lower the likelihood of an outcome-biased self-judgment
	d. If the trait dimension is irrelevant to the self, the greater the outcome-biased self-judgment

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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the degree of conformity an individual will likely display in any given situation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Group size
	b. Unanimity
	c. Prior commitment
	d. Need for cognition

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Which of the following is NOT a nonverbal cue that might be used when forming an impression of someone during a conversation?

Choose one answer.

	a. The amount of eye contact established between the two individuals
	b. Whether or not someone crosses his or her arms while speaking or listening
	c. Whether the other person discloses information about his or her religion
	d. Whether one person mimics the other's pattern of speech

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Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that proximity affects liking?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ease of availability
	b. Lower cost in terms of time and money
	c. The mere anticipation of interaction increases liking
	d. You are more likely to share the same values of the people you are in close proximity

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Which of the following options best captures the characteristics of ambivalent attitudes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ambivalent attitudes occur when an attitude object is experienced as both positive and negative.
	b. Ambivalent attitudes are good predictors of behavior.
	c. Ambivalent attitudes are stronger than other attitudes.
	d. Ambivalent attitudes are only formed during adulthood.

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Which of the following refers to the act of responding favorably or unfavorably to an explicit or implicit request by others?

Choose one answer.

	a. Obedience
	b. Conformity
	c. Compliance
	d. Blatant manipulation

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Which of the following represents the constructivist viewpoint of attitudes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Attitudes are innate.
	b. Attitudes are created at a very young age and are relatively immune to change.
	c. Attitudes are computed from scratch on the basis of information accessible at that moment.
	d. Only weakly held attitudes are subject to any sort of change.

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Which of the following represents the two types of social influence that affect an individual’s behavior?

Choose one answer.

	a. Normative and informational
	b. Reciprocity and normative
	c. Conformity and informational
	d. Individual and group

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Which of the following statements correctly captures perceptions of alcohol use on campus and the idea of pluralistic ignorance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Students are surprisingly accurate with regard to determining their peers’ beliefs regarding alcohol use on campus.
	b. Students generally believe that they are more uncomfortable with campus alcohol practice than the average student.
	c. Students generally believe that they are more comfortable with campus alcohol practice than the average students.
	d. There is no particular pattern as to whether or not students over- or under-estimate the comparison of their own beliefs to other students beliefs.

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Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Eyewitness testimony tends to be very persuasive but often incorrect.
	b. Eyewitnesses who are confident in what they saw are also usually accurate.
	c. Cross-racial identification is not a problem for White eyewitnesses who are identifying minority group suspects.
	d. Juries do not tend to believe eyewitnesses because they know that human memory is fallible.

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Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Choose one answer.

	a. A psychological approach to social psychology focuses more on the individual, whereas a sociological approach focuses more on the group.
	b. Social psychology focuses almost exclusively on the group rather than the individual.
	c. A sociological approach to social psychology adopts a micro-level approach, focusing on the behavior of the individual rather than the group.
	d. A psychological approach to social psychology adopts a macro-level approach, focusing on the behavior of the group rather than the individual.

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Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because people are always unpredictable, social psychologists rarely try to make predictions about how people behave.
	b. Social psychologists speculate about the causes of human social behavior, but they do not yet have the tools to study them scientifically.
	c. Social psychologists are more interested in describing the types of social behavior than in trying to understand their causes.
	d. Social psychologists use the same scientific method to study human social interactions that other disciplines (such as biology and chemistry) use.

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Which of the following statements regarding aggression is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aggression is any action that is intended to hurt others.
	b. Aggressive acts are always antisocial.
	c. Anger is a major determinant of aggressive actions.
	d. Aggression may be a means of obtaining some other goal.

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Which period of time in the development of self-awareness is marked by the ability and desire to label personal qualities and abilities?

Choose one answer.

	a. Later stage of infancy
	b. Childhood
	c. Adolescence
	d. Adulthood

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Which personality trait is NOT related to aggression?

Choose one answer.

	a. Irritability
	b. Emotional susceptibility
	c. Neuroticism
	d. Rumination

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Which phenomenon contributes to a situation in which individuals do NOT offer help in emergency situations?

Choose one answer.

	a. The social exchange theory
	b. The competitive nature of humans
	c. Attenuated emotional arousal
	d. Diffusion of responsibility

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Which researcher’s seminal experiment created the impetus for increased attention to ethical issues in research?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sherif
	b. Asch
	c. Milgram
	d. Steele

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Which statement accurately presents a motivation for self-handicapping?

Choose one answer.

	a. Individuals can more easily attribute failure internally.
	b. Individuals can more easily attribute success externally.
	c. Self-esteem remains protected regardless of the outcome.
	d. Self-esteem is independent of self-handicapping motivations.

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Which statement best captures the direct result of having a diversity of self-schemas?

Choose one answer.

	a. People are essentially pliable in their self-views.
	b. People are essentially locked in their self-views.
	c. People can interact with a variety of other people.
	d. People have an accurate picture of who they are.

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Which statement best captures the findings regarding the attitude-behavior connection?

Choose one answer.

	a. Attitudes rarely predict behavior.
	b. Attitudes consistently predict behavior.
	c. Attitudes often do not predict behavior; however, there are some situations in which they do.
	d. Attitudes mostly predict behavior, except when people are in group situations.

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Which statement best describes the trajectory of self-esteem stability throughout one’s lifespan?

Choose one answer.

	a. Self-esteem stability is low during childhood, increases during adolescence and young adulthood, and decreases during midlife and old age.
	b. Self-esteem gradually builds throughout our lifetime.
	c. Self-esteem peaks during midlife but declines thereafter.
	d. Self-esteem remains relatively stable once it is fully developed in childhood.

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Which statement best represents the results presented in your reading regarding the self-handicapping phenomenon and the influence of gender?

Choose one answer.

	a. There is no effect of gender on self-handicapping.
	b. Men self-handicap more than women in performance situations.
	c. Men self-handicap more than women in social situations.
	d. Women self-handicap more than men in performance situations.

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Which topic is covered in the discussion section of an empirical journal article?

Choose one answer.

	a. A review of the relevant literature
	b. The design of the study
	c. The implications of the study
	d. The statistical analyses

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Which type of racism is associated with the opinion that although racism is wrong, racial minorities make unfair demands or receive too many resources?

Choose one answer.

	a. Symbolic racism
	b. Ambivalent racism
	c. Modern racism
	d. Aversive racism

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With regard to attitudes, which of the following examples best captures a high degree of evaluative–cognitive consistency?

Choose one answer.

	a. An individual who values protection of the environment buys reusable grocery bags.
	b. An individual who values health purchases a bag of Doritos.
	c. An individual who is ambivalent about health purchases an exercise bike.
	d. An individual who values the environment uses Styrofoam plates and cups.

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With regard to conformity in a group setting (i.e., Asch’s experiment), how many dissenters who voice the correct answer in a group are needed to affect the likelihood that a participant will conform to the wrong answer?

Choose one answer.

	a. Four dissenters
	b. Three dissenters
	c. Two dissenters
	d. One dissenter

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You are walking down the street with a friend and come across a homeless man asking for money. The friend tells you: “Do not give him money. He made his choices to get where he is today.” This statement most directly captures which of the following concepts?

Choose one answer.

	a. The just world attributions in an unjust world
	b. Assimilation and contrast
	c. Outgroup homogeneity
	d. Ultimate attribution error

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You witness a man jump off a bridge and decide it is too risky for you to jump in after him. In this situation, you are:

Choose one answer.

	a. deciding whether it is a true emergency.
	b. taking personal responsibility.
	c. deciding how you can help.
	d. weighing the costs and benefits of helping.

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Zimbardo’s prison experiments were argued to demonstrate which of the following conclusions?

Choose one answer.

	a. The power of authority
	b. How self-affirmation can improve self-concept
	c. People’s tendency towards anarchy
	d. That shy people should not be sent to prison

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What types of attitudes are most likely to predict Behaviour?

Under what circumstances are attitudes the best at predicting behavior?

Which of the following is the most likely to predict behavior quizlet?

Why doesn t attitude always reliably predict behavior?