What response best describes the permeability of exam gloves used in laboratories quizlet?

Which of the following best describes the correct collection and handling conditions for a blood ammonia measurement?

a.Fasting patient, draw clot tube, separate serum immediately, test immediately
b.Draw sodium heparin tube, place in ice bath immediately, separate cells and plasma in refrigerated centrifuge, immediately remove plasma and freeze if analytical testing is delayed
c.Draw clot tube, separate serum from clot in refrigerated centrifuge, protect from light, freeze if not tested immediately
d.Fasting patient, draw lithium heparin tube, place tube on an ice pack, centrifuge at 20° C, test immediately

When finished with lab exercises for the day, which order of events should be followed?

a.Remove gloves, disinfect area, wash hands, remove lab coat
b.Disinfect area, remove gloves, remove lab coat, wash hands
c.Disinfect area, remove gloves, wash hands, remove lab coat
d.Remove gloves, wash hands, remove lab coat, disinfect area

~~Phenol and Phenolics~~

**Phenols (carbolic acid) was previously used to control surgical infections.
-Rarely used now because of skin irritation and disagreeable odor

**Phenolics are derivatives of phenols that contain a chemically altered molecule of phenol
-Decreases irritation and increases antibacterial activity
-Injures lipids of plasma membranes, causing leakage

~~Bisphenols~~

**Bisphenols are derivatives of phenol that contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge

**Hexachlorophene and triclosan
-Triclosan is an ingredient in antibacterial soaps, toothpastes, and mouthwashes

**Disrupt plasma membranes by inhibiting an enzyme needed for biosynthesis of lipids

~~Biguanides~~

**Chlorhexidine
-Used in surgical hand scrubs
-Disrupts plasma membranes

~~Essential Oils~~

**Mixtures of hydrocarbons extracted from plants
-Peppermint oil, pine oil, orange oil

**Used for centuries in traditional medicine and for preserving food

**Microbial action primarily due to phenolics and terpenes

**Stronger activity against gram-positive bacteria; effectiveness against viruses not studied to date

~~Halogens~~

**Iodine - one of oldest and most effective antiseptics
-Tincture: solution in aqueous alcohol
-Iodophor: combined with organic molecules
-Impairs protein synthesis and alters membranes

**Chlorine
Oxidizing agents; shut down cellular enzyme systems
-Bleach: hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
-Chloramine: chlorine + ammonia
-Used to treat drinking water

~~Alcohols~~

**Denatures proteins and dissolves lipids

**No effect on endospores and nonenveloped viruses

**Ethanol and isopropanol
-Require water because denaturation requires water
-Optimum concentration is 70% ethanol
-Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) is slightly superior to ethanol
-Be wary of claims by alcohol-based hand sanitizers

~~Heavy Metals and Their Compounds~~

**Oligodynamic action—very small amounts exert antimicrobial activity

**Denature proteins
-Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn.
-Silver nitrate is used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum
-Mercuric chloride prevents mildew in paint
-Copper sulfate is an algicide
-Zinc chloride is found in mouthwash

~~Surface-Active Agents~~

Soap ----> Degerming; emulsification

Acid-anionic sanitizers ----> Anions react with plasma membrane

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) ----> Cations are bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma membrane
-Zephiran and Cepacol

~~Chemical Food Preservatives~~

**Sulfur dioxide prevents wine spoilage

**Organic acids
-Inhibit metabolism
-Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and calcium propionate prevent molds in acidic foods

**Nitrites and nitrates prevent germination and growth of any botulism endospores

~~Antibiotics~~

**Previously discussed antimicrobials are not suited for ingestion or injection to treat disease, but antibiotics are.

**Bacteriocins—proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another

**Nisin and natamycin (pimaricin) prevent spoilage of cheese

~~Aldehydes~~

**Most effect antimicrobials

**Inactivate proteins by cross-linking with functional groups

**Used for preserving specimens and in medical equipment

**Formaldehyde gas is an excellent disinfectant
-Formalin is a common form available

**Glutaraldehyde is one of the few liquid chemical sterilizing agents; less irritating

~~Chemical Sterilization~~

**Gaseous sterilants cause alkylation—replacing hydrogen atoms of a chemical group with a free radical

**Cross-links nucleic acids and proteins; inhibits cellular function

**Used for heat-sensitive material
-Ethylene oxide

~~Plasma~~

**Fourth state of matter, consisting of electrically excited gas

**Free radicals destroy microbes

**Used for tubular instruments

~~Supercritical Fluids~~

**"CO2" is compressed into "super critical" state, has gaseous and liquid properties

**Used for medical implants decontamination

~~Peroxygens and Other Forms of Oxygen~~

**Oxidizing agents

**Used for contaminated surfaces and food packaging
-O3, H2O2, and peracetic acid
-Peracetic acid is one of the most effective liquid chemical sporicides

What response best describes the permeability of exam gloves used in laboratories?

Which pathogen poses the greatest risk to a researcher handling non human primates if they are exposed and infected with the infectious agent?

Which of the following is a good work practice when centrifuging biohazards quizlet?

Which of the following is commonly available in a basic spill kit quizlet?