The information given here supplements that given in Chapters 2 and 3. Users of these guidelines should read Chapters 2 and 3 before reading the information given below. This chapter covers background information (Section 4.1) and practical guidance (Section 4.2) relevant to venepuncture for blood donation. Show
4.1. Background information on venepuncture for blood donationBlood banks use various processes to try to prevent infections that can be transmitted by infected blood donation. One important measure to prevent infection is to recruit donors from populations that are known to have low rates of infection for bloodborne diseases, such as voluntary, unpaid donors and people with no history of intravenous drug use. A second measure is to ask donors a series of additional screening questions (these will vary by region) to help identify those who may be at higher risk of infection. Phlebotomists must adhere strictly to the rules for including and excluding blood donors. A third measure is to test donated blood for infections common in the area before processing it for use for various therapeutic purposes. The process for collecting blood from donors is similar to that used for blood sampling; however, a few additional measures are required for collection of donated blood. These measures are primarily to ensure patient safety, but also to minimize exogenous contamination of a donated blood unit or its derived components, particularly contamination from the skin flora of the donor's arm. Because of the volume or blood collected and the length of storage, pathogens can multiply during storage. Safe collection ensures that the blood products are safe for therapeutic use throughout their shelf life. Skin flora is a common source of contaminants; it is therefore important to use an effective antiseptic on the donor's arm before blood donation. Transfusion with blood components that are contaminated with exogenous bacteria or other agents can cause fatal complications (30, 45). Studies on the topic have been inconclusive (46); however, based on available literature and expert opinion, the recommended option for skin antisepsis for blood donation is the one-step application of a combination of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol for 30 seconds, followed by 30 seconds drying time (47–49). Blood donations should be collected only by trained and qualified blood transfusion services personnel. 4.1.1. Minimum requirements for venepuncture for blood donationThe relevant guidance given in Chapter 2 on planning, location and infection prevention and control practices should be followed, as should the guidance in Chapter 3 on closed systems. Additional requirements for a collection system for blood donation are listed below.
4.1.2. Before a blood donationWHO has developed a set of basic requirements for blood transfusion services, which cover the steps to take before donation (51). Blood donation should be voluntary; it should not involve duress, coercion or remuneration. Also, potential blood donors should be selected carefully, according to the national criteria for donor selection. Before a person donates blood (52):
4.2. Practical guidance on venepuncture for blood donation4.2.1. Collecting bloodFor collection of blood for donation, use the procedure detailed in Chapter 2 for blood sampling (e.g. for hand hygiene and glove use), as far as it is relevant, and follow the six steps given below. Step1. Identify donor and label blood collection bag and test tubes
Step 2. Select the vein
Step 3. Disinfect the skin
Step 4. Perform the venepuncturePerform venepuncture using a smooth, clean entry with the needle, as described in step 6 of Section 2.2.3. Take into account the points given below, which are specific to blood donation.
Step 5. Monitor the donor and the donated unit
Step 6. Remove the needle and collect samples
4.2.2. After a blood donationDonor careAfter the blood has been collected:
Blood unit and samples
4.2.3. Adverse events in blood donationBe aware of possible adverse events, and the actions to take if these occur (Table 4.1). How do blood banks collect blood?Select the vein
Select a large, firm vein, preferably in the antecubital fossa, from an area free from skin lesions or scars. Apply a tourniquet or blood pressure cuff inflated to 40-60 mm Hg, to make the vein more prominent. Ask the donor to open and close the hand a few times.
Which of the following is true about blood donor screening quizlet?Which of the following is true about blood donor screening? It must be performed every time a person donates blood.
Which of the following gauges of needle is appropriate when drawing a donor unit?In general, use a 16-gauge needle (see Table 3.1 in Chapter 3), which is usually attached to the blood collection bag.
What is the usual site for performing a standard bleeding time test?How the Test is Performed. A blood pressure cuff is inflated around your upper arm. While the cuff is on your arm, the health care provider makes two small cuts on the lower arm. They are just deep enough to cause a tiny amount of bleeding.
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