The qualitative researcher relies on four criteria to establish _______ of conclusions.

Are the following related to a qualitative or quantitative research study?

1. Asks questions about the meaning of human experiences.

1. Study of research questions/hypotheses that describe phenomena,test relationships, assess differences, and explain cause & effect relationships between variables testing for intervention effectiveness.

·1. Uses data that are word or texts, ratherthan numbers/scales

1. It is a systematic method, using Subjective data.

1. Numeric data is summarized and analyzed using statistics

1. Research techniques are systematic & methodology is controlled

1. Data assists generating theories that lead to improving care and promoting further research on a particular topic.

1. Guided by research questions and data collected from small group of participants = in-depth study of phenomena & interprets the meaning

1. Answers questions using statistical methods and        Hypothesis stated or implied

1. Terms including: “Control”, “treatment groups,”“survey,” “correlational,” “ex post facto” appear

1. Variables are measured by instruments or scales

1. _____-_____ _____ is the collection,interpretation, and integration of valid research evidence, combined with clinical expertise, and an understanding of patient and family values and preferences to inform clinical decision making.

1. Evidenced Based Practice.

1. A _____ _____ is the summation & assessment of a group of quantitativestudies that used similar designs based on a focused clinical question.

1. A ______-_____ summarizes a number of quantitative studies focused on a topic using specific statistical methods to synthesize/combine findings

1. _____ _____/_____ _____ is a focused review & synthesis of the literature on a specific area that follows steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis. 

1. Integrative Review/Narrative Review

1. A ______-_____ is a synthesis of a number of qualitativearticles on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology.

1. Systematic reviews have what 4 components?

1. Background: introduction

2. Methods: method for searching for literature that’s being compared/analyzed and articles excluded

3. Appraisal of the literature: critique scientific   validity, highlights of each article included

4. Conclusion/Summary: puts together the strengths,quality and consistency of data as it applies to practice.

1. ____ ____ is the examination of ideas, assumptions, principles, arguments, conclusions, beliefs and actions.

1. _______ ______ is being a knowledgeable consumer of research, appraise (evaluate/assess the worth of the study) research evidence and use existing standards to determine the merit and readinessof research for use in clinical practice.

1. In ____ ____ ____, researchers do not and cannot control or manipulateindependent variables

1. Non-experimental designs

1. _____ is the process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research report’s content for scientific validity or merit and application to practice.

1. ________ _______ _______ allows you to systematically use the best available evidence w/integration of individual clinical experience, as well as patient’s values and preferences, in making clinical decisions.

1. Evidenced based practice.

1. The final research question consists of a statement about the relationship of two or more variables. It clearly identifies the relationship between the ____ and ____ variables, specifies the nature of the population being studied and implies the possibility of empirical testing.

1. independent and dependent

1. A _____ attempts to answer the question posed by the research question.
2. True or False: A hypothesis is a declarative statement about the relationship between

that

.

1. True or false: Hypothesis can be formulated in a directional or non-directional manner.
2. ____ ____ may be used instead of hypotheses is exploratory, descriptive or qualitative research studies.

1. True
2. Research Questions.

1. An ______ ______ is a rating system for judging the strength of a study’s design, which is just 1 level of assessment that influences the confidence one has in the conclusions the research has drawn.

1. What are the levels of strength of evidence?

1. Systematic Review or meta-analysis of RCTs 2. A well designed RCT 3. Controlled Trial Without Randomization. 4. Single non-experimental study (Case-control, correlational, cohort studies). 5. Systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies. 6. Single descriptive or qualitative study 7. Opinions by authorities or experts.

1. ______ is the extent to which study’s design, implementation and analysis

1. _______ is the number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies & the strength of the findings from data analyses.

1. ______ is the degree to which studies that have similar and different designs,

& reports similar findings.

1. Quantitative studies have ______ but qualitative studies have research ______ and ______.

1. Hypothesis, questions and purposes.

1. A ________ _______ a systematic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic and is a key step in the research process that provides the basis of a research study.

1. The ______ ______ (______) of a research report is a structure of concepts and/or theories pulled together as a map for the study that provides rationale for the development of research questions or hypotheses.

1. Conceptual Framework (theoretical)

1. A _____ is an image or symbolic representation of anabstract idea

1. A ______ is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena for the purpose of explaining and making predictions about that phenomena.

1. The __________ Definition includes the general meaning of the concept.

2. The _________ definition includes the method used to measure the concept once the concept is linked to a measurement method/instrument i.e. a variable

1. Conceptual 2. Operational

1. What is the PICO format used with evidenced based practice?

PICO Format (format used with evidence-based practice).

P= problem/patient population; specifically defined group

I= intervention, what intervention or event will be studied

C= comparison of intervention, with what will the intervention be compared?

O= outcome, what is the effect of the intervention?

1. _____ _____ are articles, books, or other documents written by the person who conducted the study, developed the theory or prepared thescholarly discussion on a concept, topic, problem or issue of interest

1. ______ ______ are materials written by persons other than the individual(s) who conducted a research study or developed a particular theory.

1. A general timeline for most academic or evidence-based practice papers/projects is to go back in the literature at least __ years, but preferably ___ years

1. The _______ ______defines the relationship between words or groups of words in your literature search.

1. __________ study is the investigation of human experiences in naturalistic settings, pursuing meaningthat inform theory, practice, instrument development and further research

1. What are the 6 types of qualitative research methods?

1. Phenomenological Method 2. Grounded Theory Method 3. Ethnography Method 4. Case Study Method 5. Historical Research Method 6. Community-based research participatory method.

1. Phenominological Method Definition:

1. A process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience (ex: widower's experience during pregnancy).
2.

1. Grounded Theory Method Definition:

1. An inductive approach involving a systematic set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic social processes. Researchers use this method when interested in

from the perspective of human interactions. It is the most widely used qualitative method.

1. The grounded theory is used to construct a theory where no theory exists or in situations where existing theory fails to provide evidence to explain a set of circumstances. 2. A MAJOR FEATURE OF THE GROUNDED THEORY IS THAT DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OCCUR AT THE SAME TIME.
3. Using the ______ ______ ______, data are compared with other data continuously as they are acquired during research.

3. Constant comparative method.

1. The ethnography method definition:

1. Focuses on scientific descriptions of cultural groups. The goal of the ethographer is to understand the native’s view of their world. The Emic view= natives view of their world. The Enic view=outsiders view. The approach requires the researcher enter the worldof the study participant to watch what happens, listen to what is said, askquestions and collect data

1. Emic View =
2. Enic View =

1. The natives view of the world
2. The outsiders view

1. The case study method definition:
2. An ____ ____ ____ is undertaken to have a better understanding of the case.
3. An ______ ____ ______ is defined as research that is done when the researcher is pursuing insight into an issue or wants to challenge some generalization.

1. Rooted in sociology. Studying the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case. Can include quantitative & qualitative data. Identifying the phenomenon: Focus research on a single case; focus on an individual, a family, a community, an organization-some complex phenomenon that demands close scrutiny for understanding.
2. Intrinsic case study
3. Instrumental Case Study

1. The Historical Research Method Definition:

1. Systematic approach for understanding the past through collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts.

1. What is the goal of the Historical Research Method?
2. What are primary sources?
3. What are Secondary Sources?

1. Goal:

2. Primary sources- eyewitness accounts

3. Secondary sources- view of phenomenon from another’s perspective (not 1st hand).

The Historical Research Method:
1.

2. Internal criticism?

1. E

2. occurs if document passes external criticism. Concerns the reliability of information within the document

1. Community-Based Participatory Research Method Definition:

1. CPBR recognizes the importance of involving members of a study population as active and equal participant’s in all phases of the research project. Change or action is the intended “end product” of CBPR

2. Phases: “1. Look (get to know stakeholder andproblem), 2. Think(interpret what was learned in look phase), 3. Act(advocatesplanning and implementing response based on data)”

1. Issues in Qualitative Research
- Inherent in all research is demand for protection of human subjects.

1. Naturalistic Setting- central concern that arises when research is conducted in a naturalistic setting is

2. Emergent nature of design- ongoing need for negotiation of consent with participant

- In course of the study, what was agreeable in beginning may now be intrusive. Or the study shifts in a  way not acceptable to participant

3. Researcher-participant interaction

- Intent of nurse conducting research vs engaging in practice

4. Researcher must remain true to data

1. Things to look for when appraising qualitative research designs.

1. Auditability 2. Credibility 3. Emic View 4. Fittingness 5. Interpretive Phenomenology 6. Phenomena 7. Saturation 8. Theme 9. Transferability

1. Qualitative studies/ characteristics:

Composed of:

-Statement of the phenomenon of interest

-Purpose

-Method: typically involves interpretive phenomenology

-Sampling

-Data Collection

-Data Analysis

-Empirical groundings of the study: Findings

-Conclusions, Implications, & Recommendations

1. ______ is the steps to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data.

1. _____ is the ability to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher.

1. The ____ _____ refers to the interpretation or view of a person in context of their culture, values,beliefs, and experiences.

1. ________ is the applicability outside of the study situation/ meaningfulness of findings, and transferability of the data.

1. _____ ______ seeks to reveal and convey deep insight and understanding “of the concealed meanings of everyday life experiences.”

1. Interpretive Phenomenology

1. _________ are things perceived by our senses (e.g.; pain, loss of a loved one, etc.)

1. _______ is the point that data collection can cease, occurs when information being shared becomes repetitive.

1. A _____ is a way of describing large quantities of data in a more condensed format.

(Acts as a label.)

1. __________ is similar to fittingness; are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results meaningful to the individuals not involved in the research?

1. __________ refers to the rigor or precision of the research and the richness of the narrative in a qualitative study.

1. The ______ ______ is suitable for testing cause-and-effect-relationships (help eliminate potential alternative explanations of the cause i.e. Threats to internal validity [ch.7])

Determining causality:

1.Causal (independent) & effect (dependent) variables must be associated with each other

2. Cause must precede effect

3. The relationship must not be explainable by any other variable

1. The primary focus for critiquing experimental and quasi-experimental design studies is on the ________ of the conclusion –Finding out if the experimental treatment (___________ variable) caused the desired effect on the outcome (__________ variable)

1. Validity 2. Independent 3. Dependent

1. The True Experimental Design is also called the Randomized Controlled Trial

1. _________ is the distribution of subjects to either control or experimental group (each subject has equal chance to be assigned to any group).

a. Required for study to be considered a true experimental design.

b. Assumes that any intervening variable (a variable that occurs during the study that effects the dependent variable) will be equally distributed among the groups

c. Can be done individually or by groups

d. Reduces bias on dependent variable

e.  Minimizes variance

1. The _____ group is the group in the study that does not receive any intervention or treatments (the comparison group)

1. The process of ________ is the process of varying the independent variable in a study by giving the experimental treatments to some participants and not other OR by giving different amounts to different groups.

1. Sample size is important and should be large enough to detect the _________ effect (differences between those receiving intervention and those not). ______ ________ (mathematical procedure) is used to determine adequate sample size.

1. Treatment, power analysis

1. ______ ______ is the process of enhancing internal validity by ensuring that the intervention is actually delivered systematically to all subjects in the intervention group.
2. What are examples?

1. Intervention Fidelity
2. Consistent training of research staff, Standardized data collection procedures, Frequent review of intervention

1. What does the Solomon four-group design include?
2. This design helps evaluate the effects of _______but the threat of ________ remains a problem

1. An experimental design with four randomly assigned groups: the pretest-posttest intervention group, the pretest-post test control group, a treatment or intervention group with only post test measurement, and a control group with only post test measurement'
2. Testing, Mortality

Legal and Ethical Issues:
1. Principles of respect for persons?

a). People have the right to self-determination and to tx as autonomous agents. b). They have the freedom to participate or not participate. c). Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.

1. The researchers obligation to do no harm and maximize possible benefits. Persons are treated in an ethical manner, their decisions are respected, they are protected from harm, and efforts are made to secure their well-being.

1. Human subjects should be treated fairly. An injustice occurs when a benefit to which a person is entitled is denied without good reason or when a burden is imposed unduly.

1. ____ is the theory or discipline dealing with principles of moral values and moral conduct.

1. A _____ _____ (AKA problem statement) presentsthe idea that is to be examined in the study.
2. Identify the independent and dependent variables: The perception of pain will vary with changes in the level of anxiety.

1. Research question
2. Independent = levels of anxiety     Dependent = Perception of pain

1. A complete hypothesis is consistent with an existing theory, must be based on a scientific rationale, and has testability implications.

1. A _____ _____ specifies the expected direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

1. A ____ _____ indicates existence of a relationship between the variables, but does not specify anticipated direction of relationship.

1. Non-directional hypothesis

1. _____ ______: “scientific hypothesis” –states expected relationship of variables.

2. _______ ______ “null hypothesis” –states there is no relationship between the variables

1. Research Hypothesis 2. Statistical Hypothesis

Design types:

1. ___________: include relationship statements

·        Example: X1 is more effective than X2 on Y

2. ___________: include associative relationship statements

·        Example: X will be negatively related to Y

1. Experimental
2. Non-experimental

1. _______ _______ may be used instead ofhypotheses in exploratory, descriptive, or qualitative research studies.

1. The Critical Thinking Decisions Path (pg. 87) illustrates a way of thinking about the different views of qualitative and quantitative research process.  This decision algorithm illustrates that beliefs lead to different questions, which lead to selecting different research approaches.

1. In qualitative studies, the researchers are usually looking for a

they are searching for a particular kind of person who can illuminate the phenomenon they want to study.

There may be other parameters – called

– that the researchers impose as well. 
2. Datac ollection in a qualitative study is usually done in a naturalistic setting

1. In a qualitative study, the data to be collected are usually ______. 
2. True or false: There usually is NOT a predetermined number of participants as in quantitative studies.

1. A research _______ is a plan or blueprint for conduct of a research study. It is the vehicle for testing research questions and hypotheses. It involves structure and strategy.

2. The overall purpose of a research design is to aid in the systematic solution of _______ _______ or _________ and to maintain ________.

1. Design
2. research questions, hypothesis, control

1. All research attempts to answer questions by using ______ (the measures that the research uses to hold the conditions of the study uniform) measures to avoid ____(threats to the internal validity) of the study. Control affects the outcome and future use.

2.

1. The choice of the design depends on the nature of the research question. The design affects the level of evidence and successful completion of the study based on the following considerations:

a). Objectivity in conceptualizingthe research question or hypothesis

b). Accuracy
c). Feasibility
d). Control
e). Internal Validity:
f). External validity:

1. _____ _____ is when the researcher actively standardized the intervention, and plans how to administer intervention to each subject in the same manner under the same conditions.

1. All of the following are what?

- use of a homogenous sample, consistent data-collection procedures, training andsupervision of data collectors and interventionists, manipulation of theindependent variable, and randomization

1. Means of controlling extraneous variables

1. ________ is the application of the outcomes to other populations when analyzing and discussing the outcomes. Researchers limit the ___________ of findings to like samples. Results can be __________ only to a similar population of individuals.

2. What is homogeneity?

3. _______ describes data-collection procedures and how they should reflect to the consumer a recipe of how the researcher controlled the conditions of the study

1. Generalizability, ", "
2. Homogeneity : similarity with respect to the extraneous variables relevant to the particular study. Extraneous variables are not fixed.
3. Constancy

1. ____________ eliminates bias,aids in the attainment of a representative sample, and can be used in various designs. It is used when the required number of subjects from the population is obtained in such a manner that each subject in a population has an equal chance of being selected.

1. _____ _____ is the degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment, rather than an uncontrolled condition, resulted in the observed effects.
2. _______ _______ is the degree to which findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or environments.
3. An ________ ________ is a variable that interferes with the operations of the phenomena being studied.
4. INTERNAL VALIDITY MUST BE ESTABLISHED BEFORE EXTERNAL VALIDITY.

1. Internal Validity
2. External Valdity
3. Extraneous variable.

Threats to Internal Validity include:

1. History 2. Maturation 3. Testing 4. Instrumentation 5. Mortality 6. Selection Bias

1. Give examples of threats to internal validity:

1. History: events outside of the experimental setting that may affect the dependent variable. 2. Maturation: students grow and mature before pre- and post- testing. 3. Testing: the effect of taking a pretest may sensitize an individual and improve the score of the posttest. 4. Instrumentation: changes in the measurement of the variables or observational techniques that may account for changes in the obtained measurement. 5. Mortality: The loss of study subjects. 6. Selection Bias: If precautions are not used to gain a representative sample.

Threats to external Validity:
1. Selection effects 2. Reactive effects 3. Measurement effects

Examples of Threats to External Validity:

1. Selection effects: an example of the effects of selections occurs when the researcher cannot attain the ideal sample population
2. Reactive effects: The subjects response to being studied. Subjects may respond to the investigator not because of the study procedures but merely as an independent response to being studied.
3. Measurement effects: Administration of a pretest in a study affects the generalizability of the findings to other populations and is known as measurement effects.

1. EXTERNAL VALIDITY DEALS WITH THE POSSIBLE PROBLEMS OF GENERALIZATION!!!!!

1. _______ refers to similarity with respect to the extraneous variables relevant to the particular study.

1. _____ _____ asks whether the independent variable really made the difference or the change in the dependent variable. To establish this, factors or threats as rival explanations of the relationship between the variables must be ruled out.

Reliability and Validity
1. ____ ____ is the extent of variability in test scores that is attributable to error rather than a true measure of the behaviors.
2. ____ _____ _____ are derived from a set of items that actually consists of the true scores plus the error.

1. Error variance
2. Observed test scores.

1. ____ errors are errors that are difficult to control. (ex. student anxiety during a test).
2. ____ ____ is a measurement error that is attributable to relatively stable characteristics of the study population that may bias their behavior and cause incorrect instrument calibration. It can influence validity.

1. Chance
2. Constant error

1. _____ is whether the measurement instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.
2. _____-______ verifies that the instrument gives the appearance of measuring the concept.

1. Validity.
2. Face-validity

1. _____ _____ _____ indicates to what degree the subject's performance on the measurement tool and the subjects actual behavior are related.
2. _____ _____ is the degree of correlation of two measures of the same concept administered at the same time.
3. _____ _____ is the degree of correlation between the measures of the concept and some future measure.

1. Criterion related Validity.
2. Concurrent Validity
3. Predictive validity

1. ____ _____ is based on the extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait. It attempts to validate a body of theory underlying the measurement and testing of the hypothesized relationship.

1. _____ is defined as the extent to which the instrument yields the same results on repeated measures.
2. _____ ______ expresses the relationship between the error variance and the observed score. A zero correlation indicates that there is no relationship. When the error variance in a measurement instrument is low, the reliability coeficient is closer to ___. The closer to ___, the more reliable the tool.

1. Reliability
2. Reliability coefficient, 1, 1

1. ____ is when a tool produces the same repeated results.

1. ____ or ____ error is measurement error that is attributable to relatively stable characteristics of the study population that may bias their behavior and/or cause incorrect instrument calibration. 

1. Systematic or constant error

Statistics:
1. ____ _____ are a means of describing and organizing data gathered in research.
2. What are the four levels of measurement?

1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

1. Measures of ____ _____ describe the average member of a sameple.
2. The ____ is the most stable and useful of the measures of central tendency and with the standard deviation, it forms the basis for many of the inferential statistics.

1. Central tendency
2. Mean

1. The _____ _____ is the most stable and useful measure of variability.
2. A ____ score is the standard deviation converted to standard units.
3. _____ _____ are a tool to test hypotheses about populations from sample data.
4. If the null hypothesis is accepted, it is an indication that the findings are likely to have occured by ______.

1. Standard deviation.
2. Z
3. Inferential statistics
4. Chance

1. What are type I errors?
2. What are type II errors?

1. Occurs when the researcher says a study is significant when it is not.
2. Occurs when the researcher accepts the null hypothesis that is actually false

1. How does the researcher control the risk of making a type I error?
2. Statistically significant results are those whose probability of occurring is less than what?

1. By setting the alpha level, or level of significance.
2. .05 - .01

1. The t-test and ANOVA test for differences between what?
2.

1. What are key topics to be discussed in the discussion section of a paper?
2. True or False: Both statistically significant and insignificant results should be reported?

1. Results, limitations, generalizations, implications and recommendations for future research.
2. True

Protection of Human Rights:
1. This describes what right? - An autonomous agent is one who is informed about a proposed study and is allowed to choose to participate or not to participate.

1. Right to Self-Determination

1. This describes what right?
- Means that individual identities of subjects will not be linked to the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged.

1. This described what right?
- Based on the ethical principle of justice, people should be treated fairly and should receive what they are due or owed.

1. The right to fair treatment

1. This described what right?
- People must take an active role in promoting good and preventing harm in the world around them, as well as in research studies.

1. The right to protection from discomfort or harm.

1. This describes what right?
- It is the freedom of the person to determine the time, extent and circumstances under which private information is shared or withheld from others.

1. The right to privacy and dignity.

1. ____ ____ is the legal principle that, at least in theory, governs the patient's ability to accept or reject individual medical interventions designed to diagnose or treat an illness.
2. The reading level of a consent form must not be greater than an ____ grade reading level for adults.

1. Informed consent
2. 8th

1. _____ measurements of data involve the need for training and consistent application.
2. Objective data are collected free from the researchers' personal biases.
3. Systematic data collection is uniform, consistent and standard.

1. ____ _____ ____ are used in studies in which the researcher wishes to constructa picture of a phenomenon; explore events, people or situations as theynaturally occur- or test relationships and differences among variables.

2. The major difference between nonexperimental designs and experimental research is that in nonexperimental designs, the ________ variable is not actively manipulated by the investigator.

1. Non-experimental designs
2. Independent variable

1. Nonexperimental designs can be classified as either _____ _____ or _______/_______ studies.
2. _____ _____ collects detailed descriptions of existing phenomena and uses the data either to justify current conditions and practices or to make more intelligent plans for improving them.

1. survery studies, relationship/difference studies.
2. Survey research

1. ____ ____ endeavor to explore the relationships between variables that provide deeper insight into the phenomena of interest.
2. _______ studies examine relationships.
3. Non-experimental designs DO NOT enable the investigator to establish cause and effect relationships between variables!!!!

1. Relationship studies.
2. Correlational
3. !!!

1. Non-experimental studies also offer the researcher the least amount of ______. Threats to _____ represent a major influence on the interpretation of a non-experimental study because they impose limitations of the _______ of the results and as such should be fully assessed by the critical reader.

1. control, validity, generalizability

1. ________ is the process of selecting representative units of a populationfor study in a research investigation. Note. It is rarelyfeasible or necessary to sample entire populations of interest.

2. A _____ is awell-defined set that has certain specified properties. Can becomposed of people, animals, objects, events

1. Sampling
2. Population

1. Inclusionand exclusion criteria are established to control for _______ _______ or _____ that would limit the strength of evidence contributed by the sampling planin relation to the experimental design of the study.

2. A ______ _______ is an entireset of cases about which the research would like to make generalizations

1. Extraneous Variability, bias
2. Target population

1. An ______ _______ is onethat meets the population criteria and that is available

· Usedinstead of target population

2. A _________ ________ is onewhose key characteristics closely approximate those in the population

1. Accessible population
2. Representative sample

1. Network (snowball effect) sampling – used for locating samples that are difficultor impossible to locate in other ways

a. Takesadvantage of social networks and the fact friends tend to have characteristicsin common

b. Finds afew subjects and asks for their help in getting in touch with others withsimilar criteria

1. _______ involves a research participant’s protection in astudy so that no one, not even the researcher, can link the subject with theinformation given.

2. _____ is anaspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting rights of children asresearch subjects.

3. ________ is an obligation to act to benefit others &maximize possible benefits.

1. Anonimity
2. Assent
3. beneficence

1. _______________ is the assurance that a research participant’s identity can’t be linked to the infothat was provided to the researcher.

3. _______ is thetheory or discipline dealing w. principles of moral values & moral conduct.

3. ______ ______ is an ethical principle that requires aresearcher to obtain the voluntary participation of subjects after informingthem of potential benefits & risks.

1. Confidentiality
2. ethics
3. Informed consent

1. Justice:  Human subjects should be treated fairly.

2. Respect for Persons:  People have the right to self-determination& to treatment as autonomous agents; that is, they have the freedom toparticipate or not in research.

3. Risk/Benefit Ratio:The extent which the benefits of the study are maximized & risks areminimized so subjects are protected from harm during the study.

1. The Nuremberg code left out what important provisions?
2.

1. Protection of vulnerable populations (children, elderly and mentally ill).
2.

What criteria do qualitative researchers use to assess the quality of a study?

Which criterion is especially important for trustworthiness in a qualitative study?

How do you establish validity in qualitative research?

Which of the following criteria refers to the neutrality of qualitative data?