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Are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior

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ABField ResearchThe stuyd of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work and playParticipant ObservationA research method in which researchers collect data while being part of the activities of the group being studiedEmile DurkheimLabor specialization helped to bring social change - social change occurs when anomie is presentKarl MarxStressed class conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariatMax WeberDeveloped the Sociological ImaginationSurveyA poll in which the researcher gathers facts orattempts to determine the relationships between factsParticipant ObservationA research method in which researchers collect data while beign part of the activities of the group beign studiedField ResearchThe study of of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work and playInterviewA research method using a data collection encounter in which an interviewers ask the respondent questions and records the answersSymbolic InteractionismThe sociolgoical approach that views society as the sume of the interactions of individuals and groupsFunctionalist TheoryThe sociolgical approach that views society as stable, orderly systemConflict TheoryThe sociolgoical approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continous power struggle for control of scarce resourcesFeminist PerspectivePatriarchal societies set certain expectations for societyPost Modern TheoryThe sociological approach that attempts to exeplain social life in modern societies that are charecterized by postindustrialization, consumerism and global communicationsMaterial CultureA component of culture that consists of teh physical or tangible creationsNon-material CultureA component of culture that consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of societyMoresStrongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences ina particular cultureFolkwaysInformal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular cultureSanctionsRewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for innappropriate behaviorSymbolsAnything that menaingfully represents something elseTaboosMores so strong that their violation is considered to be extermely offensive and even unmentionableLawFormal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctionsSanctionRewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inapproriate behaviorCultural RelativismThe belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standardsSignificant OthersThose perosons who care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of selfSubcultureA group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs adn behaviors that differs in some signficant way from that of the larger societyValuesCollective ideas abuot what is right and what is wrong, good or bad, and desirable and undesirable in a particular cultureCountercultureA group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and nroms and seeks alterntaive lifestylesGender SocializationThe aspect of socialization that contians specific messages and pratices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or societyHidden CultureThe transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in rules, routines, and regulation of schoolsCulture ShockThe disorientation that people feel when they encoutern cultures radically different from their own believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about lifeAgents of SocializationThe persons, groups or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in societyStatusA socially defined position in a group of society charecterized by certian expectations, rights and dutiesRoleA set of behavioral expectations associated with a given statusAscribed StatusA social position conferred at brith or recieved involentarily later in life based on attritbutes over which the individual has little or no control / Ex: gender or raceAchieved StatusA social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit or direct effortRole ConflictA situtiaon in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same timeRole StrainA condition that occurs when incompatible demands are being built ino a single status that a person occupiesReference GroupA goup that strongly influences a pseron's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of wether that indivdiual is an actual memberSecondary GroupA larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of timePrimary GroupA small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of timeRole ExepectationA group's or society's defintion of the way that to specific role out to be playedRole PerformanceHow a person pkays a roleGroupTwo or more people who have met with a common purposeRole ExitA situtioan in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identityNormative OrganizationsOrganizations we voluntarily joinCoercive OrganizationsOrganizations we are forced to joinUtilitarian OrganizationsOrganizations we voluntarily join because we are seeking a material rewardRationalityThe process by which traditional methods of social organization, charecterized by informality and spotaniety, are gradually replaced by efficiently adminstered formal rules and procedures / Ex: You make choices knowing the consequencesIron Law of OligarchyTendency for power to be concentrated in the top of a bureaucracy / Few rule the manyCrimeBehavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms and other sanctionsStigmaA negative label attached to someone often for performing a deviant actRecidivismCommitting a crime, serving the sanction and then recomitting the crimeDeviant ActAny behavior, belief or condition that violates cultural normsSanctionRewards for appropriate behavior r penalties for inappropriate behaviorTabooMores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive even unmentionablePunishmentAny action designed to deprive a person of thingsof value (including liberty)because of some offensie the person is thought to have committedDeviantsSomeone who commits a deviant actAnomieWhen society lacks social normsPositive DevianceDeviance that benefits society in a positive way / Ex: Rosa Parks refusing to sit in the back of the busNegative DevianceDevaince that hurts society / Ex: RobberyFamily of ProcreationThe family that a person is born and in whcih early socialization usually takes placeExtended FamilyA family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same householdNuclear FamilyA family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all who live apart from other relativesSerial MonogamyGoing from one monogomous relationship to anotherMonogamyMarriage between two partnersMarriageA legally recognized and or sociall approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certian rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activityPolgynyThe concurrent marriage of one man with two or more womenPolyandryThe conrrent concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more menPatrilinealA system of tracking descent through the father's side of the familyExogamyCultural norms prescribing that people marry outside their social group or categoryPatrilocal ResidenceThe custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's familyEndogamyCultural norms prescribing that people marry within their social group or categoryHomogamyThe pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar charecteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social classSociology of the FamilySociological study that focuses on the study of the familyMatrilinealA system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the familyMatrilocalThe custom of a married couple living in the same household or community as the wife's familyEmergent Norm TheoryStresses the importance of norms shaping crowd beahviorContagion Norm TheoryLinks psychology and sociology in the study of crowd behavior - explains rapidly changing moods and emotionsSocial ChangeThe alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social insitutions over timeReformative MovementImprove society by changing certian aspects of societyRevolutionChaniging society as a wholeEnviromental RacismThe belief that a disproportiante number of hazardous facilities are placed in lower income areas populated primarily by minoritiesMobA highly emoptional crowd whos members engage in, or are erady to engage in, violence against a specific target - a person, a category of people, or physical property - The Simspons MovieRiotViolent crowd behavior that is fueld by deep seated emotions byt is not directed at one specific target - European Soccer RiotsPanicA form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or percieved threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behaviorResource MobalizationStruggle for resoures often inhibits social changeSociological ImaginationThe ability to see relationships betwen individuals experiences and the larger society

What refers to rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior?

Sanctions. are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior. Nonmaterial Culture. consist(s) of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior.

What are rewards and punishments used to encourage proper behavior?

Sanctions are rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms. Groups teach norms through the use of sanctions.

What are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm?

Punishment (negative sanction) and reward (positive sanction) regulate conduct in conformity with social norms (see norm). Sanctions may be diffuse—i.e., spontaneous expressions by members of the group acting as individuals—or they may be organized—i.e., actions that follow traditional and recognized procedures.

What norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable?

Prescriptive norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. Proscriptive norms state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable. Formal norms are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type of formal norms.

rewards behavior penalties inappropriate behavior

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