Situation: A patient comes to radiology for a routine study of the cranium. He is unable to flex his head and neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP Axial projection. What should the tech do to compensate for this problem without creating excessive magnification of the skull? Show
A) use the IOML and increase the CR angulation by 7 degrees The osseous labyrinth includes the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals. An average-shaped skull with a 47° angle between the petrous pyramids and the MSP is classified as: The aditus is defined as: D) an opening between the epitympanic recess and the mastoid air cells Which division of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing and equilibrium? Which cranial bone contains the foramen ovale?
What is the name of the joint found between the lateral condylar processes of the skull and the superior articular process of C1? The ethmoid notch is part of which cranial bone? Which of the following sutures separates the parietal from the occipital bone? What is the difference, in degrees, between the IOML and OML? Which of the following factors is most
critical for demonstrating air/fluid levels within the cranium? There are a total of ___ fontanels in an infant Which of the following structures is part of the middle ear?
The widest portion of the cranium is found at the level of the: Which of the following cranial bones does not articulate with the parietal bone? A) stapes The sensory apparatus of both equilibrium and hearing are contained in the internal ear Which cranial bone articulates with all the other cranial bones? Which of the following terms describes the small irregular bones occasionally found in the sutures? A) EAM The SMV projection requires that the IOML is placed parallel to the IR. Which cranial bone contains the cribiform plate? A) temporal The frontal bone articulates with ____ cranial bones. A) asterion Which term describes the small flap of cartilage covering the opening of the ear? The mastoid air cells communicate with:
Which of the following landmarks corresponds with the level of the petrous ridge? Top of ear attachment (TEA) Which of the following bones is part of the
floor of the cranium? A) lambda A) v Which of the following structures of the inner ear is responsible for hearing? The ridge of bone just inferior to the eyebrow is termed the: A) EAM A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the orbital plates are not superimposed,
one is slightly superior to the other. Which of the following positioning errors led to this radiographic outcome? The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebra) is associated with and protected by the ___ bone. Which of the fontanels is the last to
close at about 18 months of age? A) Eustachian tube A radiograph of a SMV projection of the cranium reveals that the mandibular condyles are projection into the petrous pyramids. What must be altered during the
repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic radiograph? A) increase extension of the skull Situation: a patient enters the ED with a possible basilar skull fracture. Which of the
following skull projections would best demonstrate any blood present in the sphenoid sinus? Horizontal beam lateral projection A radiograph of a PA Axial projection (Caldwell method) of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are
located at the level of the lower 1/3 of the orbits. The tech performed this projection with the CR angled 15° caudal to the OML. How must positioning be altered if a repeat exposure is performed? none of the above; positioning is correct A) coronal
The left mastoid fontanel becomes the ____ in the adult. A radiograph of a lateral cranium reveals that the mentum was cut off from the bottom of the radiograph. A 10x12 in (24x30cm) IR was used and it was placed
crosswise. What must be altered if a repeat is performed? D) none of the above; centering and IR placement were correct A) sphenoid Which of the following terms describes the anterior fontanel found in the adult skull? To which aspect of the ear does the Eustachian tube attach? The vestibule is located in the middle ear. A) bregma Both CT and MRI can provide images in three planes: Axial, Sagittal, and coronal. What facial bone forms the majority of the hard palate? A radiograph of a parietocanthial (Waters) projection for sinuses reveals that the petrous pyramids are projected over the maxillary sinuses. What positioning error is present on this radiograph? Which bone is involved with a tripod fracture? Situation: A pediatric patient enters radiology for a paranasal sinus series. Because of her age, the child is unable to hold still for the projections even with the use of immobilization devices. The decision is to hold the child during each exposure. Which of the following individuals should be asked to hold the child? Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the facial bones? Zygoma, midway between EAM and outer canthus Situation: A patient enters the ED with facial bone injuries. The physician is concerned about a possible blow-out fracture of the left orbit. Which of the following three-projection routines would best diagnose this injury? Modified parietocanthial, 30 degree PA facial bone, and lateral facial bone projections. What is the only Paranasal sinus not contained within a cranial bone? The structure or bone labeled 2 is the: How much cephalad CR angulation is required for the axiolateral projection of the mandible? Why is the chin extended for an Axiolateral projection of the mandible? To prevent superimposition upon the Cervical spine Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the plan of the image receptor with a true lateral nasal bone projection? The modified parietocanthial (modified Waters) projection requires more extension of the head and neck as compared to the parietocanthial (Waters) projection. A radiograph of a parietocanthial (Waters) projection reveals that the petrous ridges are
superimposed over the lower 30% of the maxillary sinuses. What specific positioning error (if any) led to this radiographic finding? Part 10 is part of which bone? Situation: A patient enters the ED with a possible nasal bone fracture. The physician is concerned about a possible bony nasal septum deviation as well as fractured nasal bones. Which of the following routines would best diagnose these injuries? Parietocanthial, lateral nasal bone, and superoinferior (axial) projections Which 3 cranial bones articulate directly with the zygomatic bone? Frontal, sphenoid, temporal
Which aspect of the mandible is best demonstrated with an AP Axial projection? Situation: A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series. She is unable to stand or sit erect for any of the projections. Which of the following projections will best detect any air/fluid levels present in the maxillary sinus? A radiograph of an axiolateral projection of the mandible with the head in a lateral position reveals that the mandibular body is greatly foreshortened. Which of the following modifications is needed to produce a more diagnostic image? Increase the rotation of skull toward the image receptor. The upper and lower teeth are embedded in the: A radiograph of a lateral projection of the facial bones reveals that the mandibular rami are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? Which projection will best demonstrate the entire mandible with one exposure? The part labeled 8 is part of which bone? Which positioning line is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the parietoacanthial projection? Part 9 is part of which bone? Situation: A patient enters the ED with a possible fracture of the right zygomatic arch. Which of the following routines would best diagnose a possible fracture of this structure? Submentovertex, bilateral oblique tangential, and AP axial projections For a lateral facial bones projection, the chin should be adjusted so the IOML is perpendicular to the front edge of the IR. Which sinus is porjected through the oral cavity with a parietoacanthial transoral projection? A Radiograph of a submentovertex projection reveals that the mandible is superimposed over the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Which of the following modifications will eliminate this problem? Increase extension of the head and neck All of the sinuses intercommunicate with each other and with the nasal cavity. A radiograph of a parietoacanthial tranoral (open-mouth Waters) projection reveals that the mouth is open but the sphenoid sinus is superimposed over the maxilla and upper teeth. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome? Insufficient extension of the head and neck The most common radiographic sign for secondary osteomyelities of the paranasal sinuses is Erosion of the bony margins A radiograph of a PA Caldwell projection reveals that the petrous ridges are projected into the lower one third of the orbits. Which of the following modifications should be made during the repeat exposure to produce a more diagnostic image? Nothing; accept the initial radiograph What is the angle between the OML and the plan of the image receptor for the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection? Which of the following terms describes the junction of the two nasal bones? How many facial bones make up the bony orbit? The posterior aspect of the orbit is termed the Along with the use of erect positions, what other technical factor is important to demonstrate air/fluid levels in paranasal sinuses? Which sinus often produces air/fluid level indicating a basilar skull fracture? A radiograph of a PA projection of the sinuses reveals that the petrous ridges are projected over the ethmoid sinuses. Which of the following modifications will eliminate this superimposition, while not compromising diagnostic quality? Increase extension of the head and neck slightly What can the technologist do if the patient cannot extend the head and neck adequately for the routin submentovertex
projection of the zygomatic arches? Angle the CR to place it perpedicular to the IOML The term antrum of Highmore refers to the: Situation: A patient comes to radiology for a sinus series. She cannot fully extend her head and neck for the submentovertex projection. What else can the technologist do to produce a diagnostic submentovertex projection? Angle the CR to place it perpendicular to IOML Which of the following projections of the mandible results in the highest skin dose? Part 7 is part of which bone? What is the largest immovable bone of the face? Which positioning line is parallel to the image receptor for the oblique inferosuperior (tangential) projection of the zygomatic arches? The pathway of communication between the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses that provides drainage between them is termed: Which two bones form the bony nasal septum? How much difference is there between the OML and IOML positioning lines? Which positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for parietoacanthial projection? What sinuses are best demonstrated with the PA projection? Which projection best demonstrates the floor of the orbits? Modified parietoacanthial (modified waters) Which positioning line must be used with a 30 degree caudad angle for an AP axial projection of zygomatic arches? Situation: A patient enters the ED with a possible fracture of the proximal ramus of the mandible. Which of the following routines would best diagnose this fracture? PA axial mandible projection, axiolateral projection with no rotation, and a 35 degree AP axial projection How much skull rotation (from a lateral position) is required to place the ramus parallel to the image receptor for the axiolateral projection of the mandible? Part 5 is which of the following? A fracture involving the facial bones where a blow to one side causes a fracture to the opposite side is termed a _____ fracture. The _____ sinuses develop last and are not fully developed until the teenage years. The lateral projection of the facial bones is typically a unilateral projection. Which of the following structures are described as scroll-like projections found in the nasal cavity? Where does the CR exit for a PA axial projection of the mandible? Part 3 is part of which bone? Where is the CR centered for an AP Axial projection of the mandible? Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the sinuses? Midway between the outer canthus and the EAM Which of the following technical factors do not apply to lateral nasal bone projections? Where are the ethmoid sinuses located within the ethmoid bone? Which positioning line is perpendicular to the image receptor for a PA projection of the mandible? Which group of sinuses is shaded (screened) in the frontal and lateral views of the illustration below? The point of union between both halves of the mandible is termed:
Where does the CR exit for a modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection of the facial bones? Which sinuses are best demonstrated with a parietoacanthial projection? Infections involving the upper teeth may involve the frontal sinuses. The _____ passageway drains the maxillary sinus into the middle nasal conchae. The lateral projection for the nasal bones is generally a unilateral projection (Both right and left lateral projections are usually not required). Which of the following imaging modalities should be used to evaluate a possible neoplasm involving the zygomatic and maxilla bones on a patient working in an industrial metal fabrication plant? Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the bony nasal septum? What is the position of the skull for an Axiolateral projection of the TMJS?b. PA mandible projection, axiolateral oblique projection with a 45 degree skull rotation toward IR, and 35 degree AP axial projection.
What projection is best to demonstrate the mandibular symphysis of the mandible?The axiolateral oblique projection is used to demonstrate the mandible.
What is the central ray angulation for the Axiolateral oblique projection of the TMJ?Positioning TMG SINUS MANDIBLE. What is the maximum Cr angulation used for the axial lateral oblique projection of the mandible?What is the CR angulation (along with what's the maximum angulation) needed and in which direction for all of the axiolateral oblique projections of the Mandible? 20-25 degrees cephalic with the maximum being 25 degrees.
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Why is the chin extended for an axiolateral/axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible?
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