1. Attraction to other polar molecules (polar-charged hydrogen and oxygen) Show
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2. Stores heat: High specific heat (lots of energy needed to break down bonds (to excite polar bonded atoms)) 3. Stores heat: High heat of vaporization (lots of energy (heat) needed to break down oxygen and hydrogen into gas) 4. Low density of ice (hydrogen spread out but remain bonded to oxygen, taking up more space but weighing the same as normal water) 5. High Polarity (polar charge hydrogen grabs onto other polar charged atoms and breaks them apart) Home Subjects Solutions Create Log in Sign up Upgrade to remove ads Only SGD 41.99/year
Terms in this set (31)Scientific Method A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. 4 goals of psychology description (what occurred), explanation (why it occurred), prediction (future predictions of events), influence (know how to apply a principle or change to prevent wanted occurrences or bring about desired outcomes. Research Methods Correlational research methods: case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and laboratory observation Experimental vs. Correlational Studies In correlational studies a researcher looks for associations among naturally occurring variables, whereas in experimental studies the researcher introduces a change and then monitors its effects. Independent vs. Dependent variables An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. Experimental vs. Control group An experimental group is the group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment. The control group is the group in an experiment that does not receive the variable you are testing. Alan Lang's Study Conducted a classic experiment to determine if alcohol consumption itself increases aggression or if the beliefs or expectations about the effects of alcohol cause the aggressive behavior. Conclusion: It was the expectation of drinking alcohol, not the alcohol itself, that caused the students to be more aggressive. Selection Bias The assignment of participants to experimental or control groups in such a way that systematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment. This can be controlled by using random assignment. Placebo Effect The phenomenon that occurs in an experiment when a participant's response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itself. Placebo An inert or harmless substance given to the control group in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect. Experimenter Bias Occurs when a researcher's preconceived notions or expectations in some way influence participant's behavior and/or the researcher's interpretation of experimental results. Ethics Of A Study Standards set by the APA (American Psychological Association). First priority of a psychologist is to investigate in the highest moral standards. Consent, deception, debriefing. Animals are protected by the Animal Welfare Act, the NIH (National Institute of Health), and the APA. Introspection Wundt studied the perception of a variety of visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli, including rhythmic patterns produced by metronomes at different speeds. As a research method, this looks inward to examine one's own conscious experience and then reporting that experience. Structuralism The first formal school of thought in psychology, aimed at analyzing the basic elements of conscious mental experiences. Founded by Titchener. Functionalism An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment. Behaviorism The school of psychology founded by John B. Watson that views observable , measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior. Humanism The school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health. Psychoanalysis The term Freud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus. Cognitive Psychology Sees humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, language, etc. Gestalt Emphasizes that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts. Means "whole, form, or pattern." Physiological Psychology Looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences. Study the structures of the brain and central nervous system, the functioning of neurons, the delicate balance of neurotransmitters and hormones, and the effects of heredity to look for links between these biological factors and behavior. Sociocultural Psycholgy The view that social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others. Clinical Psychologist Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. Counseling Psychologist Help people who have adjustment problems that are generally less severe than those handled by a clinical psychologists. Physiological Psychologist Study the relationship between physiological processes and and behavior. Experimental Psychologist Specialize in the use of experimental research methods. Usually work in a laboratory. Developmental Psychologist Study how people grow, develop, and change throughout the life span. Educational Psychologist Specialize in the study of teaching and learning. they may help train teachers and other educational professionals or conduct research in teaching and classroom behavior. Social Psychologist Investigate how the individual feels, thinks, behaves in a social setting- in the presence of others. Industrial/Organizational Psychologist Study the relationships between people and their work environments. How to set up an experiment 1. Pick a specific topic Recommended textbook solutionsPsychology: Themes and Variations10th EditionWayne Weiten 180 solutions Child Development: An Active Learning Approach3rd EditionJoyce Munsch, Laura E. Levine 465 solutions Drugs Society and Human Behavior15th EditionCarl Hart, Charles Ksir 189 solutions Understanding Psychology2nd EditionMcGraw-Hill Education 903 solutions Sets with similar termsMastering the World of Psychology; Chapter 162 terms DrDinehart2018 Psychology 1 - Ch. 196 terms Music24A Psychology - 1. Introduction to Psychology (Master…66 terms minh_an Psych Ch 149 terms Jackson_Fox8 Other sets by this creatorPsych 227 Frequently Missed Quiz Questions37 terms lbahl18 Psych 227 chapter 97 terms lbahl18 Psych 227 Exam 2-Chapter 815 terms lbahl18 Music 110 Test 121 terms lbahl18 Verified questionsPSYCHOLOGY What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults. b. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior. c. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than, what adults do. d. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development. e. Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY What is the purpose of the marshmallow test? How does it demonstrate EQ? Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY How accurate do you think the scoring for projective tests is? Can the scoring for these kinds of tests be standardized? Explain. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY What are stimulus motives? Verified answer Other Quizlet setsBIOL 4160 Final376 terms clairewingerter RAQ Feb.2225 terms erin_nicole7 EDDE exam #1 part 240 terms Madeline_Ledman MicroBio FINAL147 terms Teylerhurst Related questionsQUESTION Dawn is a newborn. Ellis is 5. Fritzi is 9. Girard is 15. Which individual is correctly matched with his or her Piagetian stage? 3 answers QUESTION Daniela is learning that five pennies spread out on his desk are the same number of coins as five pennies in a pile. According to Piaget, how old is Daniel? 5 answers QUESTION More vigorous intensities of this type of exercise seem to increase anxiety 3 answers QUESTION Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before. Tonight, finally, she anticipates going to bed at her usual time. Which alternative accurately describes and identifies what Anya is likely to experience? 6 answers What is the difference between control and experimental groups in a research study?What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? An experimental group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study, whereas a control group does not. They should be identical in all other ways. What is the difference between the control group and experimental group?What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? Put simply, an experimental group is the group that receives the variable, or treatment, that the researchers are testing whereas the control group does not. These two groups should be identical in all other aspects. What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group quizlet?of the experimental group? the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable. What was the primary difference between the control and experimental groups in this experiment quizlet?What was the primary difference between the control and experimental groups in this experiment? The experimental group was asked to provide reasons for liking or disliking the jams they tasted, whereas the control group was not. Why is it important that participants be randomly assigned to an experimental group?Random assignment enhances the internal validity of the study, because it ensures that there are no systematic differences between the participants in each group. This helps you conclude that the outcomes can be attributed to the independent variable.
What is the purpose of random assignment in an experiment?Random assignment is a procedure used in experiments to create multiple study groups that include participants with similar characteristics so that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study.
Why is random assignment so important quizlet?The purpose of random assignment is to allow the experimenter to prevent the participants from knowing which condition they were assigned to. The purpose of random assignment is to equalize participants' characteristics across all conditions of an experiment.
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Why is it important that participants be randomly assigned to an experimental group quizlet?
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