Which type of research findings is considered the strongest available evidence quizlet?

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ACEs can have lasting, negative effects on health, well-being, as well as life opportunities such as education and job potential. These experiences can increase the risks of injury, sexually transmitted infections, maternal and child health problems (including teen pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and fetal death), involvement in sex trafficking, and a wide range of chronic diseases and leading causes of death such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and suicide.

ACEs and associated social determinants of health, such as living in under-resourced or racially segregated neighborhoods, frequently moving, and experiencing food insecurity, can cause toxic stress (extended or prolonged stress). Toxic stress from ACEs can negatively affect children’s brain development, immune systems, and stress-response systems. These changes can affect children’s attention, decision-making, and learning.

Children growing up with toxic stress may have difficulty forming healthy and stable relationships. They may also have unstable work histories as adults and struggle with finances, jobs, and depression throughout life. These effects can also be passed on to their own children. Some children may face further exposure to toxic stress from historical and ongoing traumas due to systemic racism or the impacts of poverty resulting from limited educational and economic opportunities.

Perhaps the most important reform in state sentencing and corrections practice taking place today is the incorporation of principles of evidence-based practice into state sentencing and corrections policy and practice.

The term evidence-based practice (EBP) was used initially in relation to medicine, but has since been adopted by many fields including education, child welfare, mental health, and criminal justice.

EBP refers to outcome-focused approaches and interventions that have been scientifically tested in controlled studies and proven effective. EBP implies that there is a definable outcome(s), which are measurable and are defined according to practical realities (recidivism, victim satisfaction, etc.).

Interventions within corrections are considered effective when they reduce offender risk and subsequent recidivism. (Note - recidivism can be defined in many ways, i.e., re-arrest, re-conviction, parole revocation, return to incarceration, return to prison.) When offender risk is reduced, there are fewer victims of crime and public safety is enhanced.

Listed below are the commonly used Evidence-Based Principles for Community Corrections:

1. Assess Actuarial Risk/Needs.
2. Enhance Intrinsic Motivation.
3. Target Interventions.
   1. Risk Principle: Prioritize supervision and treatment resources for higher risk offenders.
   2. Need Principle: Target interventions to criminogenic needs.
   3. Responsivity Principle: Be responsive to temperament, learning style, motivation, culture, and gender when assigning programs.
   4. Dosage: Structure 40-70% of high-risk offenders' time for 3-9 months.
   5. Treatment: Integrate treatment into the full sentence/sanction requirements.
4. Skill Train with Directed Practice (use Cognitive Behavioral treatment methods).
5. Increase Positive Reinforcement.
6. Engage Ongoing Support in Natural Communities.
7. Measure Relevant Processes/Practices.
8. Provide Measurement Feedback.

Risk/Needs Assessment
Actuarial risk assessment instruments have been shown to be more accurate than even the best clinical judgment in determining offender risk. Unfortunately, only a few state judges and courts in the United States have experience in using risk/needs assessment information in sentencing offenders or responding to violations of parole.

Use of risk and needs assessment information is critical in making evidence- based judicial determinations of important recurring sentencing issues, such as:

• Offender's suitability for diversion;
• Most appropriate conditions of probation to be imposed;
• Offender's amenability to treatment;
• Most appropriate treatment or level of supervision to be imposed;
• Most appropriate sanction or behavioral control mechanism to be imposed;
• Kind of sanction, incentive or additional service to be ordered upon a violation of probation; and
• Whether or when to revoke probation.

In the recent Indiana Supreme Court decision in the case of Malenchik v. State of Indiana, the court observed that "the concept of evidence-based sentencing practices has considerable promise for the goal of reduced offender recidivism and improvement of sentencing outcomes."

For more information about Evidence-Based Practice:

Risk-Needs Assessment 101: Science Reveals New Tools to Manage Offenders
Pew Center on the States, September 20, 2011.
Summarizes key information about these powerful tools and explains how they can help classify offenders and target interventions to most effectively reduce recidivism, improve public safety and cut costs.

Evidence-Based Practices-Reducing Recidivism to Increase Public Safety: A Cooperative Effort by Courts and Probation
Hon. J. Richard Couzens, Placer County Superior Court (Ret.), June, 2011

Evidence-Based Sentencing to Improve Public Safety and Reduce Recidivism: A Model Curriculum for Judges
National Center for State Courts

Evidenced-Based Practices (The National Institute for Corrections)
The National Institute of Corrections maintains a list of valuable resources related to the implementation and use of evidenced-based practices in community corrections.

Evidence-Based Practice to Reduce Recidivism: Implications for State Judiciaries
Roger K. Warren, (2007).

Practitioner's Guide to Evidence Based Practices
Mark Carey & Roger K. Warren, (2006)

Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Community Corrections: The Principles of Effective Intervention
The National Institute of Corrections

Center for Evidence-Based Corrections
University of California, Irvine

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