Which psychological approaches stress the importance of intrinsic motivation in achievement?

A critical juncture in achievement occurs when?

How effectively adolescents adapt to these new academic and social pressures is determined in part by what?

-Psychological Factors -Motivational Factors -Contextual Factors

Define intrinsic motivation.

Internal factors -Self-determination -Curiosity -Challenge -Effort

What are some achievement processes?

-Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation -Flow -Attribution -Mindset -Self-efficacy -Expectations -Goal Setting, planning, and self-monitoring -Purpose

Define Extrinsic Motivation.

External Factors -Rewards -Punishments

Self-determination and Personal Choice

Adolescents have control over what they are doing because of their own will, not because of external success or rewards.

Define interest in adolescence.

-Has been proposed as more specific than intrinsic motivation. A distinction has been made: Individual Interest: Thought to be relatively stable. Situational Interest: Believed to be generated by specific aspects of a task activity. -Interest is linked to measures of deep learning.

What did Phyllis Blumenfeld and her colleagues propose was another variation on intrinsic motivation?

-Creating learning environments that encourage students to become cognitively engaged -Have students take responsibility for their learning
Get students to become motivated to expend the effort and persist as opposed to just getting by and receiving a passing grade

Flow is used to describe what in life?

Flow occurs most often when individuals...

Develop a sense of mastery -Are absorbed in a state of concentration while they engage in an activity -Are engaged in challenges they find neither too difficult nor too easy -Perceived levels of challenge and skills can result in different outcomes
Flow is most likely to occur in areas in which adolescents are challenged and perceive themselves as having a high degree of skill.

What is attribution theory?

Individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance and behaviour.
Attributions are perceived causes of outcomes.
Adolescents are like intuitive scientists, seeking to explain the cause behind what happens.

What are the 3 types of achievement orientation?

-Mastery -Helpless -Performance

What is a mastery motivation mindset?

Individuals focus on the task rather than their ability, have positive effect, and generate solution-orientated strategies that improve performance.
Rather than focusing on ability they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement.
Closely related to intrinsic motivation.

What is a performance orientation?

Individuals concentrate with performance outcome rather than performance process.
The focus is on getting the good grades not understanding the material.
Very closely related to extrinsic motivation.

What is a helpless orientation?

Individuals focus on their personal inadequacies, attribute difficult to lack of ability, and display a negative affect.
They often feel anxious and their performance further deteriorates.
They often feel threatened by challenges.

What does Carol Dweck's most recent analysis of motivation for achievement stress the importance of?

Adolescents developing a mindset.

The cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.

What two possible mindsets are there in individuals?

Fixed mindset Growth mindset

Individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change

Individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort

A fixed mindset is similar to what orientation?

A growth mindset is like having what motivation?

Dweck argued that individuals' mindset influence...

-Whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic -Shape their goals and how hard they will strive to reach their goals -Many aspects of their lives, including achievement and success in school and sports

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favourable outcomes.
A Critical factor in whether or not adolescents achieve.

What has much in common with mastery motivation and intrinsic motivation?

A student with low self-efficacy is much like an individual with what achievement orientation?

Helpless orientation
(give up or at least avoid tasks they think they won't be successful at)

Adolescent motivation is influenced by...

Expectations that their parents, teachers, and other adults have for them

How hard students work can depend on:

-How much they expect to accomplish -The value they place on the goal -The cost of this work on other areas of their life

What did William Damon propose that the missing ingredient in many adolescents' and emerging adults' achievement is?

Is an attention to accomplish something meaningful to one's self and to contribute something to the world beyond the self.

Goal setting, Planning, Self-monitoring:

adolescents and feeling of purpose (do they have it?)

Many teachers and parents simply explain the importance of such goals as studying hard and getting good grades. But not the purpose of doing those things. This leads adolescents to focus only on short-term (proximal) goals and don't explore the long-term (distal) picture of what they want to do with their life. 

What is particularly helpful when individuals begin something new (school, job...)?

What do mentors do for adolescents?

-Usually older more experienced and motivated to improve the competence and character of a younger person through Demonstration, Instruction, Challenge, Encourage
The quality of the mentoring is more important than simply having a mentor.

What are some positive parenting practices that result in improved achievement in adolescents?

-Knowing enough about the adolescent to provide the right amount of challenge and the right amount of support -Providing a positive emotional climate, which motivates adolescents to internalize their parents' values and goals - Modelling motivated achievement behaviour: working hard and persisting with effort at challenging tasks

How do peers affect adolescents' achievement?

-Social goals -Social comparison -Peer status
Motivation to engage in social dominance over peers was related to low achievement. Popularity goals was not linked to achievement. Adolescents who are accepted by their peers and have good social skills often do better in school and have positive achievement motivation.

What are some obstacles to achievement?

-Procrastination: poor time management, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, negative beliefs, personal problems, boredom, unrealistic expectations, perfectionism -Anxiety: in moderation it can be a good thing, you need to have some level of anxiety to get motivated- Yerkes Dodson Law -Protect self-worth by avoiding failure: avoid possibility of failure by either not trying at all or setting unreachable goals

Ethnicity and culture's influence on achievement? 

Ethnicity:-Differences among ethnicities is often greater than between ethnicities -Differences often vanish when SES is taken into consideration (more ethnic minorities in North America have lower SES) -Racial prejudice, conflicting values, lack of high achieving role models

Culture: Differing value systems

What is the estimate of adolescents who are employed at some point during high school?

What does part-time work during high school teach adolescents?

Understand... -how the business world works -How to get and how to keep a job -How to manage money

What problem behaviours were associated with part-time work in high school?

-Insufficient sleep -Skipping breakfast -Not exercising -Not having enough leisure time -Using drugs

10th graders who worked more than 14 hours and 11th graders who worked more than 20 hours suffered what?

What is Canadian Law (for children under 16 years) in relation to working?

-Max of 4 hours on a school day and 7 hours on a non school day -Max 20 hours per week that has 5 school days or 35 hours in other cases -Night work is prohibited

How does working benefit adolescents in low-income urban contexts?

-Providing them with economic benefits -Increase school engagement -Decrease delinquency -Stable work during high school has even been found to increase the likelihood that low-income male adolescents go to college

What percent of undergraduates work while attending college?

What is work/career-based learning? And what is its purpose?

To improve the connection between school and work
In high school it is apart of the effort to help youth make the transition from school to employment.
In college cooperative education programs are very popular.

What are some new forms of career-related education for students?

-Career academics -Youth apprenticeships -Tech prep programs

Ginzenberg's Development Theory.

Consists of 3 career choice stages
Fantasy: (until 11) unlimited choice Tentative: (11-17) progress from evaluating interests, to capacities and then to values Realistic: (17-20's) extensively explores options, focuses on a career and a specific job

What are some criticisms of Ginzberg's theory?

-Data was collected from high SES youth, who probably had more career options than low SES youth -The time frames are too rigid and he doesn't take into account individual differences relating to maturity -Not all children engage in career fantasies

Super's Self-Concept Theory

Crystallization Specification Implementation Stabilization

(14-18) Develop ideas that mesh with existing self-concept

(18-22) narrow career choice and initiate behaviours to enter career.

(21-24) complete education and training and enter the world of work

(25-35) decide on specific appropriate career 

(35-) seek to advance career

Holland's Personality Type Theory of Career Development.

An effort should be to match an individuals career choice with his or her personality.
Realistic: physically strong, practical and have very little social know-how Investigative: conceptual and theoretical. Thinkers rather than doers. Avoid interpersonal relations Social: Good verbal skills and interpersonal relations Conventional: Distaste for unstructured activities Enterprising: Verbal abilities, leading, dominating and selling issues or products Artistic: Interact through artistic expression, avoid conventional and interpersonal situations

According to Holland's Personality Type Theory, what trait goes with what jobs?

-Realistic: practical careers- labor, farming, construction -Investigative: Math and science -Social: teaching, social work, counselling -Conventional: Bank teller, secretary, file clerk -Enterprising: Sales, politics and management Artistic: Arts and writing

What are some criticisms of Career Choice Theories?

-They are too simple -Little data to support it -Career choice is influenced by many more factors than just personality such as individual preferences, influence of parents, teachers, peers, and sociocultural dimensions

What are some cognitive factors in career development?

-Exploration: how much you do and what options are open to you depends, in part, on where you grow up, your gender, and SES - Decision making: often decisions are made with ambiguity and uncertainty without guidance - Planning: knowing what you need to do to reach your career goal - Awareness: of the educational requirements for a particular career

What plays a leading role in identity development?

Vocational identity Stronger correlation between identity development and career development

What influence do social contexts have on career development?

-Socioeconomic status: may determine whether someone will be able to attend university, options open with more education - Parents: Children hear about the jobs their parents have as well as those of relatives and family friends. Some parents have specific expectations. Experiences: parents provide their children, values they hold. Relationships: Warm and accepting parents-careers that include working with people Rejecting or neglectful parents- careers that don't require good personalities or strong social skills

What influence do social contexts have on career development (continued)?

-Peers: if all your friends are going to university this might motivate you to go -School Influences: schools, teachers, councillors -Gender: both genders may be influenced by their gender stereotypes -Ethnic Minority Adolescents: unfortunately many share a history of exclusion from mainstream society

Does the humanistic and cognitive approach stresses the importance of intrinsic motivation in achievement?

Which of the following would not be considered a psychological factor in an adolescent problems?

How much more money can a college graduate expect to make compared to a high school graduate quizlet?