Which of the following substances would normally NOT pass through the glomerular filter

Glomerular filtration is the renal process whereby fluid in the blood is filtered across the capillaries of the glomerulus.

Learning Objectives

• Explain the process of glomerular filtration in the kidneys

Key Points

• The formation of urine begins with the process of filtration. Fluid and small solutes are forced under pressure to flow from the glomerulus into the capsular space of the glomerular capsule.
• The Bowman’s capsule is the filtration unit of the glomerulus and has tiny slits in which filtrate may pass through into the nephron. Blood entering the glomerulus has filterable and non-filterable components.
• Filterable blood components include water, nitrogenous waste, and nutrients that will be transferred into the glomerulus to form the glomerular filtrate.
• Non-filterable blood components include blood cells, albumins, and platelets, that will leave the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole.
• Glomerular filtration is caused by the force of the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure (though the glomerular filtration rate includes other variables as well).

Key Terms

• glomerulus: A small, intertwined group of capillaries within nephrons of the kidney that filter the blood to make urine.
• hydrostatic pressure: The pushing force exerted by the pressure in a blood vessel. It is the primary force that drives glomerular filtration.

Glomerular filtration is the first step in urine formation and constitutes the basic physiologic function of the kidneys. It describes the process of blood filtration in the kidney, in which fluid, ions, glucose, and waste products are removed from the glomerular capillaries.

Many of these materials are reabsorbed by the body as the fluid travels through the various parts of the nephron, but those that are not reabsorbed leave the body in the form of urine.

Glomerulus Structure

Glomerulus structure: A diagram showing the afferent and efferent arterioles bringing blood in and out of the Bowman’s capsule, a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron.

Blood plasma enters the afferent arteriole and flows into the glomerulus, a cluster of intertwined capillaries. The Bowman’s capsule (also called the glomerular capsule) surrounds the glomerulus and is composed of visceral (simple squamous epithelial cells—inner) and parietal (simple squamous epithelial cells—outer) layers.

The visceral layer lies just beneath the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes that form small slits in which the fluid passes through into the nephron. The size of the filtration slits restricts the passage of large molecules (such as albumin) and cells (such as red blood cells and platelets) that are the non-filterable components of blood.

These then leave the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole, which becomes capillaries meant for kidney–oxygen exchange and reabsorption before becoming venous circulation. The positively charged podocytes will impede the filtration of negatively charged particles as well (such as albumins).

The Mechanisms of Filtration

The process by which glomerular filtration occurs is called renal ultrafiltration. The force of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus (the force of pressure exerted from the pressure of the blood vessel itself) is the driving force that pushes filtrate out of the capillaries and into the slits in the nephron.

Osmotic pressure (the pulling force exerted by the albumins) works against the greater force of hydrostatic pressure, and the difference between the two determines the effective pressure of the glomerulus that determines the force by which molecules are filtered. These factors will influence the glomeruluar filtration rate, along with a few other factors.