Abstract Peter C. Perdue's China Marches West argues that the Qing dynasty's ability to break through historical territorial barriers on China's northwestern frontier reflected greater Manchu familiarity with steppe culture than their Chinese predecessors had exhibited, reinforced by superior commercial, technical, and symbolic resources and the benefits of a Russian alliance. Qing imperial expansion illustrated patterns of territorial consolidation apparent as well in Russia's forward movement in Inner Asia and, ironically, in the heroic, if ultimately futile, projects of the western Mongols who fell victim to the Qing. After summarizing Perdue's thesis, this essay extends his comparisons geographically and chronologically to argue that between 1600 and 1800 states ranging from western Europe through Japan to Southeast Asia exhibited similar patterns of political and cultural integration and that synchronized integrative cycles across Eurasia extended from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries. Yet in its growing vulnerability to Inner Asian domination, China proper—along with other sectors of the "exposed zone" of Eurasia—exemplified a species of state formation that was reasonably distinct from trajectories in sectors of Eurasia that were protected against Inner Asian conquest. Journal Information Social Science History seeks to advance the study of the past by publishing research that appeals to the journal's interdisciplinary readership of historians, sociologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and geographers. The journal invites articles that blend empirical research with theoretical work, undertake comparisons across time and space, or contribute to the development of quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. Social Science History is the official journal of the Social Science History Association. Publisher Information Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the world’s leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Name the technology/commodity, attributed to Ts'ai Lun (ca. 105 CE), first used as a unit of currency by the Song Dynasty, that would later lead to monetary inflation due to its overuse by the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Choose one answer.
. . The powerful centralized authority of the Unified Shilla Dynasty most closely resembles the governmental structure of what cultural contemporary of the Shilla? Choose one answer.
. . Though Hideyoshi feared the subversive potential of mass conversions to Christianity in Japan during the sixteenth century, his efforts (along with those of Tokugawa Iemistu) ultimately had what dramatic economic and culture effect on the islands? Choose one answer.
. . What valuable commodity that was coveted by European cloth merchants was often used as a surface for paintings produced during the Ming Dynasty in China? Choose one answer.
. . Why did the Han Dynasty decide to invade the northern area of Vietnam in 111 BCE? Choose one answer.
. . Confucian philosophy is situated in the middle ground between the extreme doctrines of legalism and the flexible emphasis on nonaction advocated by what other Chinese school of thought? Choose one answer.
. . According to the “Shu Jing” (“The Classic of History”), what will happen to the young king if he does not rule virtuously? Choose one answer.
. . After the Zhou moved their capital to Luoyang in 772 BCE, which of the following events took place? Choose one answer.
. . One of the earliest forms of written Chinese records comes from the Shang Dynasty. What objects, used for the purpose of divination, contain these records? Choose one answer.
. . The Shang Dynasty capitalized on their use of bronze metallurgy to maintain their dynastic power and wealth. Which of the following items did the Shang NOT make using bronze? Choose one answer.
. . Though the Xia Dynasty may have been a mythical creation of the Chinese, what trait(s) did the Shang Dynasty share with its legendary predecessor? Choose one answer.
. . What qualifications did the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty have to meet in order to be given the “Mandate of Heaven”? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following phrases accurately portrays the poem, “King Wên is on High”? Choose one answer.
. . While scholars still debate the existence of the Xia Dynasty, what statement below best exemplifies the basic societal traits of the Yangshao, Longshan, and Xia, the earliest Neolithic cultures in China? Choose one answer.
. . Who is credited with organizing the Zhou Dynasty, developing the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven,” and serving as a role model for future generations (including Confucius)? Choose one answer.
. . Bronze, an alloy that contains a mixture of copper and tin, became a key part of the material culture (including weapons, art, and ritualistic objects) of which two early Chinese dynasties? Choose one answer.
. . According to Confucian thought, the “junzi,” or “superior man/gentleman/scholar,” exhibits which of the following character traits? Choose one answer.
. . Ban Zhao, one of the foremost female Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty, advocated that her daughters (and all women in Chinese society, for that matter) needed to perform a variety of duties in order to be considered virtuous and proper. Which of the following actions does she NOT advocate? Choose one answer.
. . Confucius taught extensively about the role in government in society. What political position did he achieve during his lifetime? Choose one answer.
. . Daoist philosophy encompasses a more personal approach to achieving “wu wei.” Choose the person below who best exemplifies the contentment found in “wu wei.” Choose one answer.
. . During the Han Dynasty came the development of the Silk Road, a trade route connecting the Han with Eurasia and Africa (and eventually Europe and the Mediterranean). Besides silk, what other things were exchanged along the way. Choose one answer.
. . During the period of Warring States, people looked to the teachings of both Confucius and Lao-Tzu. What did both of these schools of thought offer to people who endured the warfare and political uncertainty of the period? Choose one answer.
. . Not all of the Legalist doctrines employed by the Qin Dynasty proved to be detrimental to Chinese society. Choose the following statement that highlights a lasting influence of the Qin Dynasty and its Legalist policies. Choose one answer.
. . The Han developed an elaborate bureaucratic government that originated the notion of selecting officials based on merit. Though it only amounted to a small percentage of officials, some were chosen for their knowledge and education. What did the Han base their education system on? Choose one answer.
. . Wang Mang, a minister and nephew of the empress, led a successful takeover of the Han Dynasty from 9 to 23 CE. Ultimately, he was assassinated and the Han returned to power for which of the following reasons? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following statements best exemplifies the Legalist views of the Qin Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . Buddhism, a religion that began in India, came to China prior to the rise of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. What happened in the imperial court when Buddhist ideas came into contact with Confucian principles? Choose one answer.
. . During the Song Dynasty, many civil service officials sought more than education in their lives; they also tried to live in pursuit of the “Three Perfections,” in order to become more complete individuals. Name the “Three Perfections.” Choose one answer.
. . In order to pass the grueling series of civil-service examinations administered by the Song Dynasty bureaucracy, what would you need to study? Choose one answer.
. . Located in northwestern China, which of the following locations houses a complex of 492 cave temples decorated, beginning in 366 CE, with frescoes and sculptures? This complex represents the spread and influence of what religion in China? Choose one answer.
. . The population of China doubled during the period from 750 to 1100 CE, making it the largest country in the world, outnumbering all European countries combined. Which of the following factors contributed to this remarkable turn of events? Choose one answer.
. . The Song Dynasty witnessed a flourishing of the arts, including contributions ranging from paintings to calligraphy, by emperors, political figures, and the artists academy. Which of the following factors had the most impact on shaping the art of the Song Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . The Tang capital of Chang’an was a diverse city that included a mix of domestic and foreign cultures, traditions, people, and goods, indicative of the growing trade networks of the Silk Road. Which of the following would NOT have been commonplace in the city during the Tang Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . The Tang inherited the “equal field” system from the Sui. While it did work some of the time, it proved to be a bureaucratic nightmare that was difficult to properly maintain and ultimately led to unrest among the peasants. Which of the following situations demonstrates the “equal field” system being properly utilized in Tang society? Choose one answer.
. . What is the term used to describe the resurgence of Confucian thought in response to the introduction of Buddhism, and what did it entail? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following best describes the significance of the Sui Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . The first Sui emperor built the Grand Canal, a transportation innovation that enabled which of the following prosperous outcomes for the dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . As Japan moved from the Neolithic Jomon culture to the Yayoi period, its society became structured around clans, each with its own patron god/goddess. The most powerful of these clans traced its lineage back to what goddess? What did she represent? Choose one answer.
. . During the Nara period, the Japanese collected the stories, myths, and legends of their history in two major texts, the “Kojiki” and the “Nihon Shoki.” Which of the following is a characteristic of these texts? Choose one answer.
. . Explain the relationship between the shogun in Kamakura and the emperor in Kyoto during the Kamakura period. Choose one answer.
. . Japanese art and culture flourished during the Heian period. What role did women of the imperial court play in this era? Choose one answer.
. . Once the Fujiwara family took control of the government of the Heian period, Japan began a period of cultural introspection that produced which of the following works, which is generally considered the first novel? Choose one answer.
. . The Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 CE brought about the end of the Ashikaga period and helped to usher in a new centralized rule under the shogunate of which powerful warlord? Choose one answer.
. . The Buddhist cosmic cycle of “mappo” convinces Kamo no Chomei to do what during the Kamakura period? Choose one answer.
. . The Buddhist cycle of “mappo” spawned new forms of the religion in response to the breakdown of societal order and constant warfare. Name the stream of Buddhism that did NOT develop in response to this cosmic cycle. Choose one answer.
. . The opening lines of the famous literary work, “The Tale of the Heike,” speak of the impermanence of life and how people, no matter how proud or mighty, will eventually die. What is the subject of the tale? Choose one answer.
. . With the rise of the Kamakura bakufu, the daimyo played key roles in the governance of the shogunate. Keeping the daimyo in check often proved to be a difficult task, as political intrigues often threatened the leadership of the shogun and emperor. Who were the daimyo? Choose one answer.
. . During the Heian period, Japan began a time of cultural introspection that included which of the following? Choose one answer.
. . Because of its location, the various dynasties that controlled Vietnam often came under attack by forces from neighboring regions. Which of the following cultures did not attempt to invade Vietnam? Choose one answer.
. . Buddhism entered Korea during the Three Kingdoms period and flourished under the Unified Shilla period. What effect did Buddhism have on the Korean people during these two eras? Choose one answer.
. . Choose the following staple crop and method(s) for harvest used by the Vietnamese people since 8000 BCE, both in the mountains and on the coast. Choose one answer.
. . During the Han Dynasty, the Chinese heavily influenced the Au Lac Kingdom of Vietnam, building infrastructure such as schools, temples, and canals. Despite this, discontent spread through the population of Vietnamese villagers. Which of the following reasons does NOT account for why this happened? Choose one answer.
. . Following the decline of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese abandoned their military posts on the peninsula, allowing for the rise of three major kingdoms. Name them. Choose one answer.
. . Scholars have learned a great deal from the ceramics of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, but unfortunately most of it has been found in only one type of location. Name the location and the reason why this does not tell the complete story of Korean ceramics and material culture from the period. Choose one answer.
. . The Chinese had a profound impact on the art and architecture of Vietnam from the first century BCE until the tenth century CE. Which of the following statements best describes this impact? Choose one answer.
. . The civil service examination system of the Koryo Dynasty in Korea was closely modeled on their Chinese counterparts. Who could take the exams, and what subjects were the exams based on? Choose one answer.
. . Though their legacy has been contested, the Trung sisters (Trung Trac and Trung Nhi) are celebrated as national heroines and important figures in Vietnamese history. What is their historical significance? Choose one answer.
. . Utilizing a powerful ruler and six smaller bureaus staffed by administrative officials, the Unified Shilla Dynasty in Korea modeled their government on what other state? Choose one answer.
. . During the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols spent a great deal of money and manpower in building the new capital of Daidu and extending the Grand Canal to their new city. Though Yuan officials managed these projects well, what infrastructure project suffered, and eventually led to deep unrest among the population? Choose one answer.
. . How did the Mongols foster long-distance trade and cultural exchange with Eurasia? Choose one answer.
. . How were the Mongols able to capture so much territory in such a short period of time and establish their own dynasty in China? Choose one answer.
. . The Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty in China generally supported the free exercise of religion within their borders. However, not all philosophies and schools of thought found tolerance under the Mongols. Which of the following people would the Yuan court deny support to if they requested an audience with the Khan? Choose one answer.
. . The Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty attempted to balance the influence of Mongol and Chinese cultural practices and traditions in the arts. Which of the following statements best describes how they accomplished this? Choose one answer.
. . Which major Chinese institution did the Yuan Dynasty ban when it took over China in 1271 CE? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following actions did the Mongols undertake to help support the life of peasants and the peasant economy in China during the Yuan Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . While the Mongols gained a tremendous amount of territory in the thirteenth century CE, weather phenomena and hostile environmental conditions eventually forced them to abandon pursuit of all of the following territories except _____. Choose one answer.
. . Who was responsible for the majority of the paintings produced for the Yuan Dynasty, and what did they use for inspiration? Choose one answer.
. . Though his tales were greatly exaggerated, whose stories, composed while in a Genovese prison, inspired other Europeans to journey east and visit the Yuan Dynasty in China? Choose one answer.
. . According to John of Monte Corvino in his 1305 CE report, what was he able to accomplish on his mission to the Mongol people of the Yuan Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . As it was for the Portuguese and the Dutch, what was the primary motivation for the English to attempt to establish a direct sea-route with China, India, and other lands of what was considered “the Far East”? Choose one answer.
. . Gunpowder, an explosive substance used for centuries in firearms and artillery shells, originated in China as early as the Tang Dynasty. When did it find its way to Europe, and what is one of the possible ways it traveled? Choose one answer.
. . How did the establishment of sea routes by the ninth century CE linking Europe, the Middle East, and Asia affect the amount and type of goods that could be transported and traded? Choose one answer.
. . In an attempt to control the Indian Ocean spice trade, the Portuguese did what? Choose one answer.
. . Macau, a settlement on a peninsula near the mouth of the Pearl River, became an important city in Asia for what reasons? Choose one answer.
. . The Dutch sought clove, nutmeg, and mace in the South Pacific. However, which of the following was one of the most important spices in the Indian Ocean basin, and accounted for the largest share of the export business done by the United East India Company during the seventeenth century? Choose one answer.
. . The idea that the Chinese turned their backs on the rest of the world from 1500 to 1800 CE has largely been proven to be a myth. While the people of Europe and the Middle East greatly desired Chinese porcelain, paper, and silk, what commodity did the Chinese covet in the West and why did they want it? Choose one answer.
. . The trading center of Goa offered a wide array of luxury goods. If you were a Portuguese trader operating in the Indian Ocean, what goods would you NOT acquire in Goa, but would instead sail to Sri Lanka to obtain? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of Portuguese naval power in the fifteenth century and allowed them to build outposts in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans? Choose one answer.
. . Matteo Ricci, a Christian missionary to China under the mandate of the Pope, learned Chinese and aligned himself with the thinking of Confucian scholars. Which of the following Western ideas did Ricci share with the Ming Dynasty court in Beijing? Choose one answer.
. . According to the Japanese neo-Confucian scholar Kaibara Ekiken in his work “Onna daigaku,” or “Greater Learning for Women,” which of the following situations would violate a woman’s role in society? Choose one answer.
. . During the Ming Dynasty, the skill of painting was highly prized by many, but it was not viewed as being essential to the scholar’s toolkit. What skill was considered the preeminent marker of a person’s educational status? Choose one answer.
. . Garden design in China reached its apex during the Ming Dynasty. Why did the Chinese create these landscapes for their homes? Choose one answer.
. . Mass-produced and sold to the general public, wood block prints of the Tokugawa era in Japan (called “ukiyo-e,” or “images of the floating world”) depicted what types of imagery? Choose one answer.
. . Much of the reasoning behind China’s inward turn during the Ming Dynasty relates to the impact of Confucian teachings on factions within the dynastic government, and the economic decline of the state. Which of the following reasons contributed to the somewhat xenophobic stance of the Ming beginning in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries CE? Choose one answer.
. . Once Hongwu led a rebellion against the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty in China, which of the following steps did he and his successors NOT take in order to reassert Chinese traditions and institutions? Choose one answer.
. . Tokugawa Ieyasu employed a number of strategies by which to keep the daimyo in check and maintain an era of peace. Which of the following was NOT one of those strategies? Choose one answer.
. . What was St. Francis Xavier’s strategy of converting the Japanese people to Christianity? Choose one answer.
. . When the Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543, the Europeans valued the unique look of Japanese armor. What military commodity did the Japanese desire in turn from the Portuguese? Choose one answer.
. . Which of the following consequences occurred after Emperor Yongle decided to burn the fleets of treasure junks that Zheng He used to explore the Indian Ocean basin? Choose one answer.
. . At the beginning of the Tokugawa period, Japan threw out the “southern barbarians” and began a period of relative isolation. Which of the following actions would Tokugawa Ieyasu have taken if you (a Japanese citizen) chose to travel to the island of Decima to trade with the Dutch? Choose one answer.
. . How did Confucian principles lead to a tenuous relationship between the Chinese people and the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . Imagine you are a Chinese peasant farmer who is angry with the Manchu-led government of the Qing Dynasty. What would happen to you if you wrote a letter criticizing the “northern barbarians” and their dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . In the late nineteenth century, severe famines coupled with overpopulation led to disastrous consequences for the peasants of the Qing Dynasty. According to some of the material culture produced in China and distributed in Europe in an attempt to solicit relief funds, how did the Chinese people cope with this dire situation? Choose one answer.
. . In what way did the Qing boost their economy through the implementation of an innovative monetary policy? Choose one answer.
. . One major change brought about by the Manchu government of the Qing was the establishment of the banner system. What did this system entail? Choose one answer.
. . The British fought, and defeated, the Qing Dynasty using superior weapons and tactics in a war that lasted from 1839 to 1842 CE, over what two commodities? Choose one answer.
. . The Qing state relied on an incredibly complex bureaucracy to keep the dynasty in order. Who stepped in to take control on the local level when the state’s neglect of public works and military affairs, coupled with an inefficient government, sewed discontent with the peasant farmers in the late Qing Dynasty? Choose one answer.
. . The young Qing emperor K’ang Hsi issued his “Sacred Edicts” in order to accomplish what? Choose one answer.
. . While, in theory, the Qing examination system allowed for the state to be run by literati as opposed to aristocrats, why was this not considered to be a full meritocracy? Choose one answer.
. . The Qing Dynasty was founded by Li Zicheng, who led a Manchu rebellion against the Ming. Who were the Manchus and where did they come from? Choose one answer.
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Which of the following statements best describes chinese influence on the peoples of the steppes?
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