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Terms in this set (210)Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel's situation? Distress Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane's behavior? Impairment in functioning, dysfunction Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly. Prognosis Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county. Incidence Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety Presenting problem Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders. Etiology The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time limited, or episodic. Course How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder? Prevalence Which of the following best describes the criterion of psychological dysfunction? A faulty pattern of thinking, feeling, or acting. Personal distress sometimes, though not always, includes some form of impairment. Which of the following is the best description of impairment, as it relates to psychopathology? An individual is unable to engage in desired behaviors as a result of his or her condition. Determining whether a psychological disorder exists requires taking cultural values and expectations into account. What is one implication of this cultural perspective? A behavior that is considered normal in one culture may be classified as abnormal in another. Notes Pertaining to Janis's
Behavior: Personal distress Which of the following would allow Dr. Cole to classify Janis's behavior as abnormal? Janis constantly worries that people will think she is vain for spending so much time at the gym. If a psychiatrist studies the etiology of schizophrenia, what will be the primary focus of his or her research? The causes of schizophrenia During the evaluation of a patient's condition, a therapist will provide a prognosis. What kind of information is the therapist providing for the patient? A prediction about the patient's chances of recovery
Supernatural causes; evil demons took over victims' bodies and controlled their behaviors. Exorcism; burning at the stake The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids or humors. Bloodletting; induced vomiting Maladaptive behavior was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment. Patient placed in socially facilitative environments Who was known as the father of modern medicine? He was also one of the first to consider the possible role of what in abnormal behavior? Hippocrates Alison believes that schizophrenia is due to possession by evil spirits. She is adopting a _________ view of psychological disorders. Alison would likely be in favor of; exorcism and snake pits. Supernatural Asylums appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century as institutions for people with psychological disorders. How did individuals such as Phillipe Pinel, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush, and Dorothea Dix work to change asylums? They were advocated for more human treatment of patients in asylums. Dorothea Dix did what treatment or movement? Mental hygiene movement Phillippe Pinel did what treatment or movement? Moral Therapy Aristotle did what treatment or movement? Psychosocial treatment Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development Moral Therapy Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego. Psychoanalytic theory Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard. Humanistic theory Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning. Behavioral model Id, Ego, Superego: Ego Id, Ego, Superego: Superego Go get a drink. A homeless person has never done anything for you. Id If Darnell agonizes over his decision for several hours and then determines that he should get a drink because his friends might have important issues or feelings they need to talk about, this would be an example of? Rationalization After several years of struggling mightily with decision like this, Darnell decides to start psychoanalytic psychotherapy. One of the first things Darnell's therapist tries with him is dream analysis. After Darnell tells his therapist about his dreams, what is the therapist likely to do? Interpret how the dreams reveal unconscious conflicts. Carl Rogers developed person-centered therapy in response to what he saw as the shortcomings and limitations of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In developing the person-centered approach, what did Rogers view as necessary to effective treatment? The client must determine the direction of treatment. Alex's therapist is a humanist who wants to provide an environment of unconditional positive regard for Alex during therapy. What is something the therapist is likely to do to achieve this? Accept Alex's feelings without judging them Based on principles of learning and conditioning, the behavioral model has had an important and lasting impact on our understanding of psychopathology. It is generally considered more ____ that psychoanalytic and humanistic traditions. Scientific Which of the following best describes the process of classical conditioning? A neutral stimulus is paired with one that naturally provokes a response. The behavioral approach to psychological disorders currently encompasses a wide range of theories based on principles that underlie different forms of learning. Initially, classical conditioning served as the basis of the behavioral perspective. John Watson was one of the first researchers to examine this connection. One of the primary behavioral methods of treating phobias is systematic desensitization, which relies heavily on the principle of extinction. What happens in this type of treatment?
Patients are gradually exposed to increasingly intense version of items that elicit fear. Skinner never focuses particularly on psychological disorders, but the principles of operant conditioning have been applied to explain how psychological disorders can develop. Early behaviorists focus almost exclusively on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and personalities. What aspect of psychological disorders does such view fail to account for? Some disorders are more prevalent and appear more frequently than others. Hilary had a brown paper bag with a PB sandwich in it later to realize she was allergic to PB and threw up and was hospitalized. What is Hilary's feeling queasy at the sight of a brown paper bag most clearly an example of? Classical conditioning If Hilary visits a behavior therapist to help her with her brown paper bag problem, which treatment is the therapist likely to implement? Present a brown paper bag multiple times with no peanuts or peanut butter present Of all of the following, which would not be found in the definition of a psychological disorder? Medication Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding the use of "normal" in the determination of a psychological disorder? A given behavior can be abnormal without being pathological Bailey has decided that he wants to get a graduate degree that focuses on the scientific study of psychological disorders. Given this ambition, to which type of program would you encourage him to apply? A program in psychopathology Of the following types of mental health professionals, which would be the most likely to have earned a medical degree? A psychiatrist You are treating a man who has been suffering from a relatively short-term bout of major depressive disorder. His symptoms started after a major life stressor, and you know that in such cases proper therapy is often quite effective in bringing about a full recovery. When he asks you if he's going to be better soon, you might say to him, "the ________ is very good!" Prognosis During the Great Persian Empire from 900 to 600 B.C., all physical and mental disorders were considered to be The work of the devil Which of the following concepts may potentially underlie the phenomenon of mass hysteria, which occurs when there is a large-scale outbreak of bizarre and disturbed behavior? Emotional contagion Which Roman physician took up the theories of Hippocrates and extended them with a theory that normal brain functioning is related to a proper balance of four bodily fluids or humors? Galen In the late 1800s, physicians discovered that patients suffering from a condition called general paresis could be cured by engaging in which of the following actions? Injection them with the blood of a person who was suffering from malaria. It is 1930 and you live in Vienna, Austria. You have recently developed the symptoms of a psychosis and you are sent to physician Manfred Sakel .What treatment would he probably recommend? Insulin shock therapy While the moral treatment of those with psychological difficulties has been seen throughout history, it was formalized as a system by ________ at the Parisian hospital La Bicêtre. Phillipe Pinel Which of the following is not true regarding the spread of moral therapy to the United States? Moral therapy was introduced at a hospital in New Hampshire after its chief physician saw the effect of such methods in London. Which crusader for the moral and humane treatment of mentally ill individuals campaigned tirelessly in an effort that came to be known as the mental hygiene movement? Dorothea Dix Sigmund Freud is often credited with the discovery of the unconscious mind, but many forget that ________, who worked on various forms of hypnosis, was also a key figure in this very important discovery. Josef Breuer When you are walking across campus, you see two people standing in the middle of the quad kissing passionately. Completely oblivious to how inappropriate their behavior is or how uncomfortable they are making others, these two just keep kissing without a care in the world. According to Freud, the couple is at the whim of their ________. ids Adam is very stressed about the fact that he has not paid his taxes in several years and he knows that he owes the government several thousand dollars (that he does not have). Every time he thinks about his debt he becomes upset, so he tells himself that he is really refusing to pay taxes to protest the government's foolish spending. Adam is employing the defense mechanism of Rationalization In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, little boys are believed to experience ________ anxiety during the phallic stage of development. This was conceptualized as a result of the fear of their father over their inappropriate desire for their mother. Castration anxiety What was the primary emphasis of Heinz Kohut's self-psychology? The formation of the self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow one to progress toward health. Whose study of classical conditioning provided quite a bit of the foundation for what later became the behavioral perspective in psychology? Ivan Pavlov Young Matthew, only 2 years of age, is learning to use the toilet. First his mother gives him smiles and hugs when he walks into the bathroom. Then his father gives him songs and praise when he points to the potty. When he agrees to sit on his potty seat his parents sing and dance, making him smile and laugh. Finally, when he begins to actually use the potty, his parents give him some candy that he loves. Matthew is being taught to use the potty through the process of Shaping How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder? Prevalence The fact that some phobias are more common than others (such as fear of heights and snakes) and may have contributed to the survival of the species in the past suggests that phobias may be genetically prewired. This is evidence for which influence? Biological Jan's husband, Jinx, was an unemployed jerk who spent his life chasing women other than his wife. Jan, happily divorced for years, cannot understand why the smell of Jinx's brand of aftershave causes her to become nauseated. Which influence best explains her response? Behavioral Nathan, age 16, finds it more difficult than his 7-year-old sister to adjust to his parents' recent separation. This may be explained by what influences? Developmental A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita's fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of _____ influences; however, ____influences are likely perpetuating the phobia. Behavioral (initial) The multidimensional approach argues that the origins of behavior can be traced to _______ more than one cause Onset of drinking during freshman year of college is an example of what type of influence? Developmental influence Genetic predisposition for poor impulse control is an example of what type of influence? Biological influence Reinforcement from friends to drink is an example of what type of influence? Social influence Applying a multidimensional integrative approach allows clinicians to do which of the following? Identify the systemic nature of various influences that contribute to the development of a disorder ______________ The first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain. False (first 22 pairs) ______________ No individual genes have been identified that cause psychological disorders. True ______________ According to the diathesis-stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits that may be activated under certain stress conditions. True ______________ The idea that individuals' genes may increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is in accordance with the diathesis-stress model. False (gene-environment correlation model) ______________ Environmental events alone influence the development of our behavior and personalities. False (complex interaction of both nature and nurture) Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in any normal human cell, the first ____ pairs provide directions for an individual's body and brain development. Scientists now estimate that about half of a person's _____________ can be traced to genetic influence and that psychological disorders arise from the interactions of many genes. 22 The term diathesis refers to a person's _____ developing disorder. vulnerability to After being robbed at gunpoint Deborah developed PTSD, Clancy did not. Based on the diathesis-stress model, if Deborah has a vulnerability for developing the disorder, which of the follow statements is almost most likely true?
Clancy did not inherit a vulnerability to develop PTSD but Deborah did. People with an inherited vulnerability to developing a disorder seek out situations that are likely to ____ the onset of the disorder. This is the argument behind the gene environment correlation model, also known as the reciprocal gene-environment model. Trigger Dr. Alden has formulated a hypothesis on how the gene environment correlation model may account for the development of anxiety. Select the hypothesis most likely developed by Dr. Alden that follows the gene environment correlation model. People with the genetic tendency to develop anxiety pursue high-risk situations, activating the onset of the disorder. Researchers in this field have found that environmental manipulations ____ in life can override genetic tendencies, reducing the likelihood a person will exhibit unwanted behaviors. Early Movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals. Brain stem Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal? GABA Which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits? Dopamine Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in our emergency reactions or alarm responses? Norepinephrine This area contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output. Midbrain Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information, as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior? Serotonin More than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous system are contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities. Cerebral cortex This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals. Frontal lobe The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, processes information received from _____ and sends out instructions on how to react as necessary. The brain uses billions of neurons to transmit information throughout the nervous system. These neurons communicate with on another through the use of chemical messengers, or ______. All sense organs There are many structures and divisions of the brain with certain areas of specific interest to metal health researchers. For example, the largest part of the forebrain is the ____, which contains more than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous systems and provides us with many abilities, including being able to plan, reason, move and see. Cerebral cortex The sympathetic division is likely to be activated When faced with imminent danger Muscles become engorged with blood. Parasympathetic or sympathetic? Sympathetic Blood pressure is at a normal level. Parasympathetic or sympathetic? Parasympathetic Heart rate is at a normal level. Parasympathetic or sympathetic? Parasympathetic With the advent of technology, researchers have been able to focus their attention on the messengers of the brain, neurotransmitters. Researches can introduce ____ to alter the activity level of a neurotransmitter in order to analyze the effects that are opposite of those usually produced by that neurotransmitter. Agonist The goal of most drug therapy is to increase or decrease neurotransmitter levels in a way that reduces a person's symptoms. One way this is accomplished is by blocking the re-uptake process, causing ______ of the brain circuit. Decreased stimulation Neurotransmitter: Dopamine Plays a role in ADHD Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine Not directly involved in any particular psychological disorder Neurotransmitter: GABA Reduced feelings of anxiety Neurotransmitter: Serotonin Decreased inhibition What is the biological reason behind the medication of GABA? GABA Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the reasoning behind the changes in brain function that occur with placebo treatment? This neurotransmitter inhibit the transmission of information and action potentials, reducing overall arousal. Karen noticed that every time Tyrone behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself. Modeling Josh stopped trying to please his father because he never knew whether his father would be proud or outraged. Learned helplessness Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Even though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water. Implicit memory Juanita was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn't likely to hurt her. Prepared learning One condition that causes people to react to a situation in a certain way because of past events, even if he or she does not remember the past events, is known as _____. implicit memory The terms emotion and mood are often in psychopathology. A related term, affect,r refers to a person's ____. Tendency to behave in a certain way Avoiding social situations with a lot of people is an example of the ____ component of emotion. Behavioral Based on what researchers know about emotions and psychopathology in general, which of the following reaction does a therapist want to make sure does not happen, as it may contribute even more to the disorder. Attempting to suppress his feelings of panic when in dense social situations What we ____ is strongly influenced by our social environments. Fear The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your ____. Gender A large number of studies have demonstrated that the greater the number and frequency of _____ relationships and _____, the longer you are likely to live. Social The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with ___. Age The principle of ______ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome. Equifinality A fright disorder resulting from a death sentence by a voodoo man can be fatal because _______ of a psychological disorder. family and friends behave as the death has already occurred ______ have higher rates of eating disorders, possibly because they are more likely than the opposite gender to _____________________. Women Beyond one's cultural relationships have been found to impact psychopathology. Which statement best describes the relationship between interpersonal relationships and health? A lack of interpersonal relationships can shorten a person's life Life-span developmentalists advocate for a more comprehensive perspective to understanding psychopathology, arguing that important developmental changes occur throughout a person's life. Which research finding supports this perspective? Adults receive greater benefit from antidepressant drugs than children and adolescents. Which of the following would be an example of a biological influence into the development of a pathological fear of the sight of blood? An increase in heart rate and blood pressure A multidimensional ________ approach to studying psychopathology suggests that the simultaneous effect of several different factors - biological, behavioral, emotional, social, and developmental influences - combine to create a psychological disorder. Integrative As their child is born, Connie and Arthur are delighted to be new parents. Within minutes, however, the physician tending to the newborn informs them that their child has ambiguous genitalia, and that some decisions will have to be made in the coming days. Having recently completed your course, Connie realizes that there must have been a problem with the ________ pair of chromosomes that their child inherited. 23rd A ________ refers to an individual's complete set of genes. For a human being this includes over 20,000. Genome Qualitative genetics is to ________ as molecular genetics is to ________. Combinations; structure Which of the following terms is the best representation of the word diathesis? Vulnerability Research employing the technique of ________ might take a puppy that has a genetic tendency to be very excitable and allow it to be raised and nurtured by a female dog who has a very calm and docile nature. Such research explore whether environmental factors can "override" genetic programming. Cross-fostering Professor Chavez is teaching a large seminar class about the human nervous system, and decides to try an interactive demonstration. He asks one student, Marcia, to stand up and walk to the middle of the room. "Marcia is a neuron, everyone," Professor Chavez says. "How many of you would have to stand up and surround Marcia to reflect the number of glia cells that exist for every single neuron in the human nervous system?" The students will be correct when ________ students get up and stand around Marcia. 10 There are many major neurotransmitters that have been implicated in human psychopathology. Which of the following is not one that is identified by your authors? Adrenaline You are playing charades with your friends, and one of them has masterfully acted out the words medulla, pons, and cerebellum. If you want to win the round, what would you want to call out? Hindbrain If you were to suffer a random injury to your brain, why would it be a safe bet that the structure most likely to be damaged would be the cerebral cortex? Because the cerebral cortex is the single largest part of the human brain How does the endocrine system differ from other systems in the body? Each gland of the system produces its own hormones that are then released directly into the bloodstream Sometimes described as a "chemical brother" of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which amino acid neurotransmitter acts in an excitatory manner? Glutamate Research conducted by Petrovic, Kalso, Petersson, and Ingvar (2002) found that brain activity changed when patients in pain received An opioid druge and a placebo drug Drew has been taking college courses for several semesters, and though he has struggled with some of his classes he continues to make a large effort to succeed. Recently his grades have been improving, and his teachers have begun to recognize his potential for a career in the field of biology. Drew's resilience and upbeat attitude are an example of what Seligman calls Learned optimism The Stroop color-naming paradigm is one method that your authors discuss for helping to identify What is in the black box According to emotions theorists, there are three different overlapping components to one's emotional experiences. Which of the following is not one of them? Sociocultural Research has long identified the fact that having higher levels of anger and hostility are detrimental to heart health. What is the mechanism by which such emotional states are unhealthy for one's cardiac functioning? The ability of the heart to pump efficiently drops during such angry periods. Roldolfo is a Latino gentleman who has recently suffered from a bout of susto. He has had a bout of anxiety-like symptoms, including insomnia, irritability, and irrational fears .Which of the following would be an appropriate cultural explanation for the cause of the susto? Roldolfo believes that he has become the object of black magic Attention to people suffering from mental disorders varies greatly from one country to the next. As your book notes, there are approximately 200,000 mental health professionals serving 300 million people in the United States. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, there is only one psychologist for every ________ people. 2 million Dr. Swan listened carefully to Joyce's speech pattern, noting its speed, content, and continuity. He noticed no loose association but did hear indications of delusional thoughts and visual hallucinations. Thought Processes Andrew arrived at the clinic accompanied by police, who had found him dressed only in shorts although the temperature was . He was reported to the police by someone who saw him walking slowly down the street, making strange faces, and talking to himself. Appearance and behavior When Lisa was brought to Dr. Miller's office, he asked if she knew the date and time, her identity, and where she was. Sensorium Dr. Jones viewed as inappropriate Tim's laughter after discussing his near-fatal incident and noted that Tim appeared to be elated. Mood and affect Holly's vocabulary and memory seemed adequate, leading Dr. Adams to estimate that she was of average intelligence. Intellectual functioning All clinical ____ is the systemic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder. assessment All clinical assessment techniques are subject to strict requirements, including evidence that they actually do what they are designed to do. Which of the following qualities determine the precision and accuracy of a clinical assessment? Reliability, validity, and standardization A researcher develops a screening test to help assess the potential diagnosis of central auditory processing disorder in children ages 3 to 7 years. Children taking the test who are flagged in January as possibly having the disorder tend to be flagged again when tested 1 month later. This suggests that the test has good _____, specifically good _______. reliability; test-retest reliability Observations about a person's feelings, for example, would be put into category of ______. mood and affect If a clinician feels that a client is changing his or her behavior due to being observed, then ______ is distorting the clinician's observation. Reactivity A school psychologist is interested in determining whether a new student should enter a standard classroom or one with additional services. What type of test would most likely be used by the school psychologist to assess this? Intelligence test T/F: The classical categorical approach to classification assumes there is only one set of causative factors per disorder with no overlap between disorders, and the prototypical approach uses essential, defining features, as well as a range of other characteristics. True T/F: As in earlier versions, DSM-5 retains a distinction between organically and psychologically based disorders. False T/F: The DSM-5 eradicated the problem of comorbidity, the identification of two or more disorders in an individual at one time, which was previously caused by imprecise categories. False (still a problem) T/F: If two or more clinicians agree on a patient's classification, the assessments are said to be valid. False (reliable) T/F: A danger in psychological classification is that a diagnostic label might be used to characterize personally the total individual. True Note that as the number of people who think that people with depression are actually just lazy increases, the number of people who seek treatment for depression decreases. Although this correlation could be just a coincidence, what is a likely reason this relationship is found? Greater public stigma can increase self-stigma and reluctance to seek treatment In a treatment study, the introduction of the treatment to the participants is referred to as the _________. Independent variable After the treatment study has been completed, you find that many people in the control group received treatment outside of the study. This is called a ________. Confound A researcher's guess about what a study might find is labeled the ___. Hypothesis Scores on a depression scale improved for a treatment group after therapy. The change in these scores would be referred to as a change in the ___________. Dependent variable
A relative lack of confounds in a study would indicate good _____, whereas good generalizability of the results would be called good ___. Internal validity; external validity How does an analogue model improve internal validity? Analogue models recreate phenomena in the controlled conditions of the laboratory, holding constant the confounding variables that could affect the outcomes of the study. The people with hypochondriasis who experience Dr. Patel's program are able to stay away from a doctor's office an average of 1 day longer. The probability of this occurring by chance is very small. This is an example of ______. Statistical significance A researcher changes the level of noise several times to see how it affects concentration in a group of people. Experiment A group of researchers uses chance assignment to include participants in one of two treatment groups and uses published protocols to make sure treatment is applied uniformly. Randomized clinical trials A researcher wants to investigate the hypothesis that as children go through adolescence they listen to louder music. Correlation A researcher is interested in studying a woman who had no contact with civilization and created her own language. Case study A researcher wants to know how different kinds of music will affect a 5-year-old who has never spoken. Single-case experimental design ______ is the process of determining whether the particular problem affecting an individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder. Diagnosis Nicholas is taken to the doctor because he suffers from an ear infection. While there, he is asked to step on the scale and his weight is recorded as 85 pounds. When he comes back a week later for a follow-up, he steps on the scale again. Once again his weight comes back at 85 pounds. The scale in the doctor's office appears to be ________. Reliable Why is it necessary that an assessment measure be standardized before it is used in real clinical settings? Standardization makes sure that a person's scores are compared to others who are similar on important dimensions, such as age, race, and sex. 79-year old Ruth is participating in a mental status exam at her gerontologist's office. Which of the following would not be one of the domains explored in this assessment? Her current medications What is the primary risk of applying a semistructured interview too rigidly when working to make an initial assessment of a client's particular difficulties? It can inhibit the patient from volunteering important information that was not specifically asked about. A(n) ________ assessment uses direct observation to formally evaluate a person's thoughts, feelings, and actions in specific situations or contexts. Behavioral The primary theory of how measures like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) work is that People project their own personality and unconscious fear onto ambiguous, revealing such thoughts to the therapist. One of the primary problems with the administration of the MMPI-2 is The time and tedium of responding to 567 times In 1904, a French psychologist by the name of ________ was asked by the government of that nation to design a test that would identify children who were slow learners. Along with colleague Theodore Simon, this individual developed what is generally regarded as the first intelligence test. Alfred Binet Erin has been having seizures lately, so her physician decides to send her for a neuroimaging test so that she can see Erin's brain structures in multiple layers. Erin is placed in a high strength magnetic field through which radio signals are transmitted, and these signals excite different areas of brain tissue. Erin has been sent by her doctor for ________. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) If a classification, such that used to identify insects or rocks, is used in a scientific context, it is most often called a(n) ________. Taxonomy Dr. McCutcheon is trying to formulate a means of identifying people who are likely to develop antisocial personality disorder. He administers the MMPI-2 to several thousand people - some of whom do and some of whom do not have this diagnosis - and determines a specific MMPI profile for people with antisocial personality disorder. He then suggests that this can be used to accurately anticipate who will and who will not develop this condition. Dr. McCutcheon is using a(n) ________ strategy in his work. Nomothetic "Either a person does or does not suffer from a particular psychological disorder." This statement is most consistent with a(n) ________ approach to diagnosis. Categorical In order for a classification system to be valuable, it must lead clinicians to the same diagnosis of the same clinical situation. This is called reliability. In looking at the DSM, Morey and Ochoa (1989) demonstrated that one area significant reliability concerns is in diagnosing ________ disorders. Personality In 1980, DSM-III was published. It was regarded as a significant departure from the editions to come before it. In which of the following ways did DSM-III change compared to DSM-II? DSM-III was the first to take an a-theoretical approach to diagnosis Which of the following is an accurate statement with regard to the changes that occurred between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5? The mutiaxial format of DSM-IV, which involved 5 different axes in a complete diagnosis, was removed. Which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the DSM-5 that is discussed by your textbook? The manual strongly emphasized reliability, sometimes at the expense of validity. As your textbook points out, people with intellectual disabilities have been labeled with many names throughout history, including moron, imbecile, idiot, and mentally retarded. What is the important lesson from this fact? Labels that start out in a neutral way and are meant simply to describe something can pick up a negative hurtful stigma. Which of the following psychological conditions, which for years was a point of intense debate in the field of psychopathology, has officially been added to DSM-5? Premenstrual dysphoric disorder With regard to the new DSM (DSM-5), which of the following is a primary point that your authors have made? Overall DSM-5 has not changed substantially from DSM-IV. You read about a group of people who are described as a "cult," and you start to wonder how people come to join such an organization. You decide that people must be very lonely and vulnerable to persuasion in order to join a cult. Your guess about why a person would join a cult is an example of a(n) ________. hypothesis With regard to research design, which of the following statements is true? Independent variables are hypothesized to have an impact on dependent variables The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or applied to conditions or situations outside of that study is called External validity A researcher studies the impact of ambient music on the exam scores of college students. Whether the results of this study help us to understand the relationship between external distractions and real-life job performance is a question of External validity The purpose of ________ is to make sure that each research participant has an equal chance of being in the treatment or control group. Randomization In research, the term "________" refers to the question of whether or not any observed differences or effects are meaningful for those impacted. Clinical significace Dr. Clayton is a psychiatrist who is seeing a new patient in his office. This patient begins to discuss the fact that he has been experiencing symptoms of depression, and as soon as it becomes clear that a mood disorder is present Dr. Clayton starts thinking that he will prescribe the same antidepressant that he has used with many other patients. While he is thinking this he does not listen carefully as his patient describes the recent life events that have led to the depression. Dr. Clayton's willingness to treat this patient like others who have suffered from similar symptoms without considering the individuality of each patient is an example of The patient uniformity myth One of the major problems with the ________ method of gathering research is that it is too easy to make false conclusions based on coincidences. Case study The more time one spends exercising, the more success they can expect in their quest to lose weight. The correlation between time on a treadmill each month and overall weight loss would represent a ________ correlation. Positive The basis of ________ is manipulation of an independent variable and examining its effect on a dependent variable. An experiment The purpose of a(n) ________ group in experimental research is to determine whether a treatment or independent variable actually influenced change in the independent variable. Control Professor Rokabee is conducting a study to determine whether or not a new medication that was designed by his company is effective. He does not truly believe that the medication is useful, and as such he does not push as hard to see it succeed. He is not intentionally sabotaging the medication, but this is a subconscious effect. Professor Rokabee is demonstrating the ________ effect. Allegiance One important difference between a typical case study and the single-case experiment is that the single-case experiment attempts to improve internal validity. It does so by making systematic observations of the same individuals under a variety of experimental conditions A child is having temper tantrums at home, at school, and at his grandparents' house. After working with the parents for a while, the therapist believes that the child is being rewarded for his tantrums in each setting because his teacher, parents, and grandparents generally give him what he wants just to make him stop yelling. The therapist devises a plan to stop his tantrums and wants to do so using a multiple baseline approach. Which of the following would the therapist put into action? First implements the plan at home, then the following week at school, and finally at the grandparents' home several weeks later. A(n) ________ is defined as an individual's unique genetic makeup. Genotype In a family study, scientists examine a behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family. The family member with the trait of interest that has been singled out is called the ________. Proband An inherited characteristic that is assessed at the same time as a family disorder is called a ________. They are useful because if a connection can be made between them and the family disorder it lends evidence to the genetic nature of that disorder. Genetic marker A researcher is studying how anxiety tends to be experienced by people of different ages. The researcher interviews depressed adolescents, young adults, individuals in their 30s and 50s, and those over 70. The individuals in each age group are studied at the same time. The researcher is employing a(n) ________ design to her study. Cross-sectional One reason that longitudinal studies can be more difficult than cross-sectional studies to conduct is that Longitudinal studies can take many years to complete The function of ________ in research is to rule out the idea that a particular study's findings were achieved by coincidence. 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