Which of the following refers to a bond to others such as family and peers quizlet?

Upgrade to remove ads

Only ₩37,125/year

1. Social Science
2. Sociology
3. Criminology

• Flashcards

• Learn

• Test

• Match

• Flashcards

• Learn

• Test

• Match

Terms in this set (72)

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions of causality?
a. establish a time priority
b. establish that a relationship is non-spurious
c. establish that there is relationship between concepts
d. establish an experiment to be conducted

d. establish an experiment to be conducted

Which of the following is a central tenet of the classical school of criminology as it pertains to human behaviour?
a. free will
b. psychology
c. social factors
d. the environment

a. free will

How are theories of crime such as "the born criminal" and "types of people" classified?
a. sociological
b. psychological
c. positivist
d. classical

c. positivist

According to Sheldon's work, Varieties of Delinquent Youth (1949), which body type is linked to delinquent behaviour?
a. mesomorph
b. ectomorph
c. endomorph
d. retromorph

a. mesomorph

What do most modern biological theorists argue about biology and criminal behaviour?
a. Criminality is genetically inherited.
b. Criminality is caused by feeblemindedness.
c. Criminality is a product of environmental factors.
d. Criminality is the result of social and biological interactions.

d. Criminality is the result of social and biological interactions.

Which of the following would be included among the psychological positivism theories?
a. anomie
b. strain theory
c. social learning theory
d. social disorganization

c. social learning theory

Which of the following psychological positivist theories lends itself to the law-and-order approach to juvenile justice?
a. behaviouralism
b. antisocial personality
c. moral development
d. psychoanalytic

a. behaviouralism

Which theory argues that rates of delinquency are always higher in the area surrounding the centre of the city?
a. differential opportunity
b. containment theory
c. drift and delinquency
d. social disorganization

d. social disorganization

A person pulled over for speeding tells the officer, "I see the police speeding all the time without their lights on, so giving me a ticket would be hypocritical." What technique of neutralization is this?
a. denial of injury
b. denial of responsibility
c. condemnation of the condemners
d. appeal to higher loyalties

c. condemnation of the condemners

Which of the following theories begins with the assumption that unless people are constrained in some way, they will behave on the basis of self-interest?
a. control theory
b. consensus theory
c. drift and delinquency theory
d. differential association theory

a. control theory

Which of the following was NOT one of the components conceptualized as part of the social bond according to Travis Hirschi's (1969) Social Bond Theory?
a. communication
b. attachments
c. commitment
d. involvement

a. communication

According to Hirschi (1969), what must be present in a young person's life to prevent him or her from engaging in delinquent behaviour?
a. self-control
b. social bond
c. social consensus
d. social control

b. social bond

Which of the following terms refers to all of the behaviour that a person develops as a result of societal responses to his or her initial deviance?
a. the criminal event
b. a criminal career
c. primary deviance
d. secondary deviance

d. secondary deviance

Which theory of crime supported the principle of the "least possible interference" that lead to decarceration policies in the 1970s?
a. labelling theory
b. feminist theory
c. routine activity theory
d. lifecourse development theory

a. labelling theory

According to routine activity theory, what three components are required for a young person to commit a crime?
a. reinforcement of behaviour, normative definitions, exposure to behaviour models
b. motivated offender, suitable targets, absence of a capable guardian
c. weak family bonds, coercive school control, delinquent peer associations
d. self-defacing relationships, attraction to delinquency, delinquency self-enhancing

b. motivated offender, suitable targets, absence of a capable guardian

In the late 1960s, Burgess and Akers reformulated Sutherland's theory and the learning principles from behaviourist psychology to formulate their theory of criminal behaviour. What was this new theory called?
a. opportunity theory
b. interactional theory
c. social learning theory
d.postmodernist theory

c. social learning theory

What theories were integrated by Regoli and Hewitt (1994) to produce the theory of differential oppression?
a. social bonding theory and social learning theory
b. social bonding theory, social control theory, and strain theory
c. social control theory, liberal conflict theory, and strain theory
d. social control theory, social learning theory, radical conflict theory

c. social control theory, liberal conflict theory, and strain theory

According to Regoli and Hewitt's (1994) theory of differential oppression, which of the following were NOT one of the ways of adapting for children who are made to feel powerless by the oppressive acts of adults?
a. passive acceptance
b. exercise of illegitimate, coercive power
c. manipulation of peers
d. rebellion

d. rebellion

According to lifecourse-developmental theory, which term refers to long-term trends or patterns?
a. trajectories
b. shifts
c. transitions
d. movements

trajectories

According to Moffitt's (1993) typology of developmental criminology, under what category does the majority of young offenders fit?
a. lifecourse-persistent
b. adolescence-limited
c. persisters
d. experimenters

b. adolescence-limited

According to the text, which of the following can illustrate disregard for gender analysis in a research study?
a. the use of androgynous terms
b. the use of ethnocentric language
c. the use of misogynous language
d. the use of gender-specific concepts

a. the use of androgynous terms

What did Freud argue that female crime and delinquency stemmed from?
a. the Electra complex
b. the Oedipus complex
c. antisocial personality
d. power-control issues

a. the Electra complex

In criminology, which hypothesis argues that low crime rates among women and girls, compared to men and boys, is because women and girls are less likely to be caught and processed or reported to the police?
a. liberation hypothesis
b. chivalry hypothesis
c. feminist hypothesis
d. patriarchal hypothesis

chivalry hypothesis

According to the most recent biological explanations that link hormones to delinquency, what has been found?
a. Female violent offenders have similar levels of testosterone to violent male offenders.
b. Female violent offenders have higher levels of testosterone than non-violent women.
c. Female violent offenders have similar levels of testosterone to non-violent male offenders.
d. Females engaged in delinquent behaviour have similar levels of testosterone to males engaged in delinquent behaviour.

Female violent offenders have higher levels of testosterone than non-violent women.

Why are cultural studies perspectives gaining prominence in criminology?
a. because they critique that North American theorizing ignores race, class, age, and sexual orientation
b. because of increasing harshness and the negative impact of the criminal justice system
c. because of rising public concerns about youth crime and the justice system
d. because the capitalist society is coercive and designed to support the class structure

because of rising public concerns about youth crime and the justice system

In family structure studies, the "norm" is considered to be the nuclear family. How is a nuclear family defined?
a. divorced parents and the mother has the birth children
b. heterosexual parents with birth children
c. divorced parents who have remarried and adopted children
d. heterosexual parents with adopted children

b. heterosexual parents with birth children

According to the text, what does research on family structure indicate about youth delinquency?

a. Less time spent with children by parents usually means less quality time spent with children overall.
b. Relationships between one-parent homes and delinquency may be more reflective of parenting skills and parenting styles than family structure.
c. Working mothers who derive satisfaction from their employment do not perform mothering tasks as well as non-employed mothers.
d. The bulk of the evidence is clear that working mothers and single "moms" are a primary cause of delinquent behaviour.

b. Relationships between one-parent homes and delinquency may be more reflective of parenting skills and parenting styles than family structure.

According to Baumrind's (1978, 1991) work on parenting behaviour, which of the following parenting profiles refers to parents who are supportive of their children's needs and who are demanding of appropriate behaviour?

a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. indifferent
d. indulgent

authoritative

Which of the following describes the correlation between family structure and delinquency?

a. Family structure is related to delinquency.
b. Family structure is not a predictor of delinquency.
c. Family structure's impact on delinquency is rarely affected by other family factors.
d.Family structure has a stronger connection to delinquency than parental attachment

Family structure is related to delinquency.

The "blame game" is the blaming of youth and their parents for youth crime. Why is this problematic?

a. It intensifies the serious problem of "parent abuse."
b. It leaves out and ignores the importance of the "natural hierarchy" of authority in the family.
c. It allows parents to reject their primary responsibility to control and discipline their children.
d. It leads to repressive policies, laws and "solutions," such as parental responsibility legislation.

d. It leads to repressive policies, laws and "solutions," such as parental responsibility legislation.

As discussed in the text, which three provinces have legislation regarding parental responsibility that allows victims of property crime to take civil action against parents of young offenders?
a. Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia
b. British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec
c. Ontario, Alberta, New Brunswick
d. Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Ontario

a. Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia

According to Regoli and Hewitt (1994), what is problematic about the example question, "What should you do if you find a wallet in a store?" from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) IQ test?
a. Children's propensity toward dishonesty renders the response to such a question unreliable and biased.
b. Children's views of appropriate behaviour differ depending upon their experience of racial prejudice or police harassment.
c. Children's socioeconomic status can greatly impact their capacity for moral reasoning.
d.Children, given their developmental stage, are not able to decipher right from

Children's views of appropriate behaviour differ depending upon their experience of racial prejudice or police harassment.

According to the text, how does the initial moral panic surrounding drug use in North America compare to the more recent moral panic concerning school violence in the 1990s?

a. Both violence and drug use are behaviours that threaten the moral fabric of North American society.
b. Both violence and drug use present a very real threat to the safety and security of Canadian children.
c. Extraordinary security measures are required to control both school violence and drug trafficking.
d.School violence, drug use, and possession did not appear to be issues until white suburban youth became the dealers and users

School violence, drug use, and possession did not appear to be issues until white suburban youth became the dealers and users.

According to the text, what is the single most important predictor of "official" delinquency?
a. drug use
b. school failure
c. gang membership
d. delinquent friends

d. delinquent friends

Mears, Ploeger, and Warr (1998) argued that girls' moral judgement is sufficient to reduce and even eliminate the impact of delinquent peers, as compared to boys. What does hypothesis does this support?
a. differentially affected
b. differentially exposed
c. differential association
d. differential moral development

a. differentially affected

Gordon (1995) conducted a study on gang members serving time in prisons in BC. He offered a method of organizing gangs into five groups. Which of the following was not mentioned as one of these groups?

a. criminal groups
b. youth groups
c. criminal movements
d. youth movements

criminal movements

A crime prevention program is implemented in a neighbourhood with high unemployment. The program focuses specifically on youth who have been convicted of a violent offence. What level of crime prevention would this program fall under?
a. targeted
b. primary
c. secondary
d. tertiary

d. tertiary

With regard to discretion and decision making, what does the YCJA require police to do?
a. charge all young offenders on a second offence
b. formally charge all youth regardless of the nature of the offence
c. consider if a warning is a sufficient response to the youth's behaviour
d. caution or warn all young offenders on a first offence

c. consider if a warning is a sufficient response to the youth's behaviour

According to research on police discretion, which of the following factors has the greatest influence on police decisions to lay a charge?
a. the victim's wishes
b. the location of the crime
c. the seriousness of the offence
d. the offender's appearance and attitude

c. the seriousness of the offence

Which of the following is NOT considered to be an extralegal factor affecting police discretion?
a. the youth being uncooperative or defiant
b. the seriousness of the offence
c. a youth's appearance and attitude
d. a youth`s race

b. the seriousness of the offence

Which of the following is an example of an extralegal factor in police discretion?
a. the seriousness of the offence
b. the race/ethnicity of the offender
c. the weapon used by the offender
d. the police record of the offender

b. the race/ethnicity of the offender

Which principle was applied to the YOA's alternative measures programs and policies?
a. mediation
b. rehabilitation
c. extrajudicial sanctions
d. least possible interference

d. least possible interference

How do diversionary principles under the YCJA differ from those of the YOA?
a. YCJA prevents use of diversion for repeat offenders.
b. YCJA uses diversion to ensure "meaningful consequences".
c. YCJA does not provide framework for diversion implementation.
d. YCJA does not actively promote diverting of youth from formal justice system.

b. YCJA uses diversion to ensure "meaningful consequences".

According to Carrington and Schulenberg (2008) which of the following release conditions was not mentioned as one of the most common imposed by police?
a. curfew
b. keep the peace, and be of good behaviour
c. reside at a certain address
d. no alcohol/drugs

c. reside at a certain address

Which of the following scenarios is an example of net-widening?
a. Youth with similar offences are given different sanctions.
b. Youth do not have access to diversionary measure programs.
c. A large department store refuses to participate in mediation with youth who shoplifted.
d. Youth receive referrals to extrajudicial measures program rather than verbal warnings.

Youth receive referrals to extrajudicial measures program rather than verbal warnings.

According to the text, how does Chief Justice Anderson of the Supreme Court describe prosecuting for failing to complete a diversionary program?
a. illegal and useless as a deterrent
b. useless as a deterrent and contrary to restorative justice principles
c. illegal and unnecessarily punitive
d. unnecessarily punitive and difficult to prove in court

a. illegal and useless as a deterrent

Elliott (2005) argued that shaming can be disintegrative when it is a part of mediation and conferencing, so it is more effective to promote which of the following concepts rather than shaming?
a. insight
b. retrospection
c. sympathy
d. empathy

d. empathy

According to youth court statistics, what is the most common charge in youth court?
a. theft
b. aggravated assault
c. breaking and entering
d. trafficking/possession

a. theft

According to the text, in which of the following categories do the most common offences for repeat offenders fall?
a. property offences
b. violent offences
c. drug offences
d. administrative offences

a. property offences

Which of the following conditions is a requirement of the secondary grounds provision for pretrial detention under the Criminal Code?

a. The court deems it is necessary in order to maintain confidence in the administration of justice.
b. The youth has previously been charged with a serious offence.
c. The court believes that custody is necessary for public protection.
d. The court is convinced that custody is necessary to ensure that the youth will appear in court.

c. The court believes that custody is necessary for public protection.

Under the YCJA, what must the court investigate before detaining a young person in pretrial detention?
a. the youth's prior arrests
b. the protection of the public
c. the seriousness of the offence
d. the availability of a responsible person

d. the availability of a responsible person

Which of following is reflective of the rules under the YCJA about young offenders and jury trials?
a. Youth cannot elect for a jury trial even in adult court.
b. Youth can elect for a jury trial but only in the case of a murder charge.
c. Youth can elect for a jury trial if charged with an indictable offence.
d. Youth can elect for a jury trial when subject to an adult sentence or murder charge.

d. Youth can elect for a jury trial when subject to an adult sentence or murder charge.

According to Bloomenfeld and Cole, what is it about case processing under the YCJA that has made it more complex than the YOA?
a. the use of preliminary inquiries
b. the greater range of sentencing options
c. the number of additional parties involved in sentencing
d. the youth's ability to elect for a jury trial for murder charges

c. the number of additional parties involved in sentencing

Which of the following tasks is the responsibility of lawyers who assume a guardian role in representing their youth clients?
a. to advise youth of their rights to remain silent, and suggest that they not cooperate with police
b. to be primarily concerned about what he or she thinks the young offender requires for rehabilitation
c. to try to get the most lenient sentence possible
d. to provide youth with a legal defence and try to prevent a conviction

b. to be primarily concerned about what he or she thinks the young offender requires for rehabilitation

According to the text, what did research on high school students' understanding of their legal rights reveal when comparing them to university students?
a. For young high school students, guilt or innocence had a significant bearing on their assertion of their rights.
b. Younger youth are more likely to assert their right to a lawyer if there is strong evidence of guilt.
c. Younger youth are more likely to assert their right to silence if evidence of guilt is perceived as weak.
d. High school students and university students demonstrated a similar understanding of their legal rights.

a. For young high school students, guilt or innocence had a significant bearing on their assertion of their rights.

According to the text, which of the following sentencing principles are upheld by the YCJA?
a. welfare and restorative justice
b. justice and crime control
c. justice and restorative justice
d. restorative justice and crime control

b. justice and crime control

Which of the following is the most common sentence in youth court?
a. custody
b. probation
c. community service order
d. intensive support and supervision

probation

Which of the following is a condition under which a young person can be sentenced to custody?
a. The youth has been convicted of a non-violent offence.
b. The youth has been charged with more than one offence.
c. The youth has exhausted all alternatives to custody and requires protection.
d. The youth has already received a non-custodial sentence and failed to comply.

d. The youth has already received a non-custodial sentence and failed to comply.

According to data from Statistics Canada, for which of the following charges did youth receive longer custody sentences than adults under the YCJA in 2003-2004?
a. administrative offences
b. assault
c. theft
d. drug offences

a. administrative offences

What is the average cost in Canada of keeping a young person in custody for a year?
a. $40,000
b. $80,000
c. $100,000
d. $150,000

b. $80,000

Which one of the following laws initiated the practice of institutionalizing Canadian youth separately from adults?
a. British North America Act (1867)
b. Act for the Establishment of Training Schools and Prisons for Youth Delinquents (1838)
c. Act for Establishing Prisons for Young Offenders (1857)
d. Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908)

c. Act for Establishing Prisons for Young Offenders (1857)

Which of the following describes how custody sentencing under the YOA differs from the YCJA?

a. Under the YOA, custody was assigned in conjunction with an aftercare plan that involved programs and community supervision.
b. The YOA allowed provincial facilities to be differentiated by multiple security levels and to provide a variety of programs and intervention methods.
c. Under the YCJA, the level of custody to be served by youth offenders is determined by the provincial director, not the court.
d. Under the YCJA, Nova Scotia and Ontario had a split jurisdiction where youth 12 to 15 years old were processed differently than youth 16 to 17 years old.

c. Under the YCJA, the level of custody to be served by youth offenders is determined by the provincial director, not the court.

Which of the following best characterizes the standards that are used to determine whether a youth custody facility was classified as open or secure?
a. They are consistent across the country.
b. They vary considerably across the country.
c. They were clearly defined under the Youth Criminal Justice Act.
d. They were clearly defined under the Young Offenders Act.

b. They vary considerably across the country.

According to section 83 (1) of the YCJA, what is the purpose of custody and supervision?

a. to reduce recidivism
b. to protect society
c. to act in the best interests of youth
d. to apply meaningful consequences

b. to protect society

According to section 90 of the YCJA, which of the following is provided to every youth sentenced to custody?
a. a youth worker
b. a reintegration leave
c. a deferred custody and supervision order
d. an intensive custody and supervision order

a. a youth worker

For whom is the "intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision order" intended?
a. youth with no prior convictions
b. youth charged with violent offences
c. youth who have been labelled "high risk" by the police
d. youth without a mental illness, a psychological disorder, or an emotional

b. youth charged with violent offences

Which sentence in the adult system is comparable to the deferred custody and supervision order in the youth system?
a. parole
b. probation
c. house arrest
d. community service

c. house arrest

According to section 98(4) of the YCJA, under what grounds can the youth court extend a custody period whereby a youth can be held in custody longer than his or her original sentence?
a. The youth does not have a sufficiently stable environment to return to in the community.
b. The youth does not exhibit signs of remorse for the offence.
c. The youth has shown a pattern of violent behaviour.
d. The youth has threatened to self-harm.

c. The youth has shown a pattern of violent behaviour.

Which of the following correctional programming examples would be classified as an "offender-specific" program?
a. StopLift
b. life skills
c. education
d. substance abuse

d. substance abuse

Which two provinces implemented boot camps for young offenders?
a. Alberta and Quebec
b. Ontario and Manitoba
c. Saskatchewan and Quebec
d. Ontario and Alberta

d. Ontario and Alberta

What is the primary focus of cognitive skills programming?
a. reading and writing skills
b. self-esteem and motivation
c. self-analysis
d. family and peer relationships

c. self-analysis

According to a literature review conducted by the Department of Justice, which of the following is designated as programming that does NOT work to reduce youth recidivism?
a. leisure and recreation
b. anger management training
c. wilderness programs and boot camps
d. therapeutic treatment that involves multiple counselling methods

c. wilderness programs and boot camps

Students also viewed

Young Offenders and The Law Quizzes

126 terms

sarah_squires7

Chapter 5 - Explaining Crime and Delinquency

31 terms

HeadPilot_22Plus

Chapter 8 - First Contact and Diversionary Measures

12 terms

HeadPilot_22Plus

crime quiz 5

25 terms

Hayley_MacEachern

Sets found in the same folder

quiz 3.

23 terms

Ela1313

CC200 midterm

17 terms

taylor_hogle7

CC200 Midterm

225 terms

lindsaynoble14

Chapter 6 - Different Directions in Theorizing Abo…

27 terms

HeadPilot_22Plus

Other Quizlet sets

Finance exam ch 8

65 terms

sydneyforrest12

ISDS Checkup 5

28 terms

twils72

481 Exam 1

21 terms

hc2847

BIO200 Ch 21

30 terms

mthuff