Chapter 5 – Audit Procedures
IntroductionThe primary purpose of the sales tax audit is to confirm that the taxpayer has reported the correct amount of tax. Reported amounts from the sales tax history must be analyzed when examining the taxpayer's records. Show
Representation/Nexus in TexasNexus is the establishment of representation in the State of Texas, making a taxpayer responsible for collecting sales or use tax. The due process clause of the United States Constitution requires some definite link, some minimum connection between the state and the person, property, or transaction it seeks to tax. This link, referred to as representation, is determined to be sufficient by an analysis of the benefit derived. The analysis indicates whether the taxpayer has received some economic gain or advantage from his association with the state. According to Section 151.107 Texas Limited Sales, Excise, and Use Tax Act and Sales and Use Tax Rule 3.286, Seller's and Purchaser's Responsibilities, a retailer has representation or is engaged in business in Texas if the retailer:
These types of documentation may support the claim of nexus:
Once representation/nexus has been established, an out-of-state seller continues to be legally required to collect tax on sales made into Texas for a period of 12 months after the seller ceases to be engaged in business in Texas. Reporting CategoriesReporting categories are broken out as follows on the sales tax return:
Even though the category 'Deductions' does not appear on the sales tax return, this amount is calculated by the computer and appears on the Audit History. Total Sales - Taxable Sales = DeductionsAudit procedures used in each audit situation will be adapted to the individual taxpayer's system of accounting and recordkeeping. Since different reporting methods are used by taxpayers to complete sales tax returns, it is important that the auditor understand the method utilized by the taxpayer. The auditor should complete an analysis of the accounting system and devise specific audit procedures applicable to the audit. Certain procedures must be performed on each and every audit:
Audit Process FlowchartView alternate text for Audit Process Flowchart. Analysis of Reporting MethodDuring the entrance conference, the taxpayer or the taxpayer's representative should explain the reporting method utilized. Ask open-ended questions to obtain an overview of the entire operation of the business and also identify probable problem areas of tax liability or credit. Consider the following areas:
Common Sales Tax Reporting MethodsTwo common methods frequently used by taxpayers for reporting sales tax are:
Examples: The taxpayer's records indicate the following monthly amounts:
Example #1:
When this method is utilized by the taxpayer, Gross Sales reported will usually be incorrect and should generally not be used for projections. If adjustments to reported Gross Sales and Deductions net to zero, the adjustments should not be made. Example #2:
When reported taxable sales are backed into, any differences between Taxable Sales on the books and reported Taxable Sales should be analyzed. Internal Control OverviewThe taxpayer's system of internal control must be analyzed and evaluated to determine the reliability of the records being examined. The depth of the audit examination is determined in great part by the reliability of the taxpayer's internal control system. Characteristics of Good Internal ControlsSome characteristics of good internal control are listed below. Each system must be analyzed for specific strengths and weaknesses.
Total Sales (Gross Sales)Total sales consist of all taxable and nontaxable sales during the reporting period for each outlet. Taxable and nontaxable sales include:
Internal ControlsGenerally, verification of Gross Sales includes:
Reconciliation of Recorded and Reported SalesA reconciliation of sales should be performed by comparing reported sales, per the sales tax return, with audited sales, per books and records. This reconciliation may be completed by report period or by year. Reported Gross Sales should also be compared to:
Any differences found between reported and audited sales should be analyzed taking into consideration the taxpayer's reporting method. Determine if the differences result from taxable or nontaxable sales. Audit adjustments should be made for unreported taxable sales and included in an exam of 'Adjustments to Gross Sales'. If the reconciliation does not result in any differences, then document this fact in the audit plan. Preliminary Review (Short Testing)Preliminary reviews (short tests) should be done before a thorough examination of records is performed. Short tests will provide the necessary information to determine whether to perform detail or sample audit procedures. Short tests highlight key areas that may need a more detailed examination. Before relying on taxpayer's records, perform short tests of the following:
Document in the Audit Plan the steps and findings of the short tests. If short tests reveal that summary records accurately reflect the taxpayer's method of accounting, then use the taxpayer's summary records. If not, then an examination of the original source document may be necessary. REMINDER: Short tests are not used to reconcile reported totals, only to reconcile the steps used to arrive at those totals. Examination of RecordsGeneral LedgersExamine general ledger accounts for debits and credits which may represent unreported taxable sales or services such as:
General JournalExamine the general journal and note entries which may indicate unreported taxable sales or services. Consider all data pertaining to general journal entries in determining if an entry represents an unreported taxable sale or service. This data may include:
Cash Receipts JournalExamine the cash receipts records to determine whether receipts from cash sales have been credited to the proper sales or revenue accounts. Be careful not to duplicate taxable sales or services found in other records. Accounts Receivable LedgerExamine the accounts receivable from the owners, partners, officers or employees of a firm for evidence of taxable sales or services not otherwise recorded in the sales or revenue accounts. Examine partners' drawing accounts and employees' advance accounts. Purchase JournalEntries may be made in the purchase journal for sales at cost or returned merchandise. Inventory withdrawals which should have been reflected in the inventory accounts may also appear as credits in the purchase journal. Examine these postings for taxable sales or services. Sales Invoices and JournalsSales invoices are source documents and usually represent the original record of a transaction. It is a necessary part of audit procedure to examine a representative number of these invoices to determine:
NOTE: Many taxpayers have multiple sets of invoices. For example, one set of sales invoices may be filed in numerical while another set may be filed in customer folders. Invoices are used to verify:
PostingsTracing the postings of sales invoices is the first step in verifying the accuracy of the books of original entry. The sales invoice is traced directly to the sales or revenue journal for accuracy of posting relative to amount and classification. Trace source documents through to summary records and check for errors and omissions. Determine if:
Tax Accruals:The tax assessed on the invoice is important because the tax accrual account is based on the tax rate times the taxable value. This is especially important on audits of taxpayers who derive total sales, taxable sales or deductions based on the amount of tax accrued. Deductions:Note what type of deductions the taxpayer is claiming because they may lead to a detail of certain accounts. Ensure that the taxpayer is in possession of all necessary resale, exemption, and direct payment exemption certificates. Type of Transactions:For the sale of tangible personal property or taxable services, examine invoices to determine if charges are consistently separated or billed as a lump sum. This information is also important to know when examining purchases. If there is a lump sum charge which includes both taxable and nontaxable amounts, the entire charge is taxable. To be excluded from the taxable amount, the nontaxable items must be separately stated on the invoice or other billing document. Federal Income Tax ReturnsA comparison of sales reported for federal income tax purposes with state sales and use tax returns is a good audit practice. This may not be feasible if the taxpayer files a consolidated federal income tax return. However, the taxpayer should have working papers showing how these figures were obtained. Reconcile the differences if a taxpayer has acceptable records but gross receipts recorded in the books and reported on sales and use tax returns do not agree with gross receipts on the federal income tax returns. Material differences should be analyzed. Determine if the difference is the result of taxable or nontaxable sales. Also review Schedule D of the federal income tax return for any fixed asset sales. In making this reconciliation, differences may be due to:
Sales Tax VerificationSales tax collected versus sales tax reported should be reconciled in detail for every audit. Gross Sales should not include sales tax collected but: If a taxpayer does not separate tax and selling price (Gross Sales figure includes tax), determine if:
Then determine Gross Sales by:
Add total Taxable Sales (tax excluded) and tax-exempt sales to obtain a Gross Sales figure. See the following Example. Compare the Gross Sales figure to the amount reported on the tax return. EXAMPLE The Bar-B-Q Restaurant is located inside the city limits of a taxing city and within a taxing MTA (total tax rate is 8.25%). The total amount of sales tickets is entered in the cash receipts journal. The restaurant occasionally caters church functions, and these exempt sales are marked in the cash receipts journal. Figures from a cash receipts journal show: Total Sales (tax included) $113,250 Less: Exempt Sales < 5,000> Equals: Total Taxable Sales 108,250 (tax included) ------- Total Taxable Sales (tax excluded) equals $108,250 divided by 1.0825 $100,000 Add: Total Taxable Sales (tax excluded) $100,000 Plus: Exempt Sales 5,000 Equals: Gross Sales $105,000 Analyze Sales Tax Accrual AccountsCompare Tax Accrued to Tax ReportedVerify tax accrual account (also called sales tax payable account) by comparing tax accrued to tax reported for the audit period. If differences exist, determine the reason for the difference, and, if necessary, prepare a schedule and make an adjustment in the audit. Differences may occur due to:
Note: If the taxpayer does not maintain a tax accrual account, examine available summary records. Analyze Debit EntriesAnalyze debit entries to determine if:
Credits and Refund ClaimsDuring the course of an audit, a tax reconciliation is normally performed for the audit period. However, when refunds or credits have been allowed in an audit or refund period, the tax reconciliation must be expanded to include the most current report filed. This procedure is necessary in order to verify that the refund or credit has not been taken in subsequent report periods. Fixed Asset SalesExamine summary records for the sale of fixed assets:
DeductionsVerification of Deductions is an important area of an audit. Although not specifically reported by the taxpayer, Deductions are the difference between Gross Sales and Taxable Sales. Items included in Deductions:
Normally, the review and reconciliation of Deductions is made at the same time as that for Gross Sales. Whenever feasible, adapt the audit procedure to the method used by the taxpayer to report Deductions. The scope of the examination of Deductions will depend on the conditions encountered. Deductions consist of the total nontaxable sales claimed by the taxpayer. Most claimed Deductions are supported by resale and exemption certificates and exemptions by law. Conduct a detail examination if:
Consider a sample examination if:
Consider a stratified sample if:
CertificatesDeductions can be supported by various certificates which relieve the seller from liability for collecting the tax if the seller accepts the certificates in good faith. Among the first audit procedures should be the examination of the taxpayer's certificate file. Are the certificates updated and current? Types of certificates include:
*Valid taxpayer numbers are required on these certificates. If a certificate is accepted by the seller at the time of sale, then the certificate should be considered as accepted in good faith unless there is something obviously wrong on the face of the certificate (not a valid 11-digit number on a resale certificate, for example). Account Information Cards should be submitted on the purchasers who have submitted questionable certificates. When deciding if a certificate is sufficient in content and if a seller acted in 'good faith' in accepting the certificate, these questions should be considered:
Any certificates received by the taxpayer after the audit entrance conference date are subject to verification by the auditor. Resale CertificatesA resale certificate is a document which is presented to the seller at the time of purchase. A purchaser who is purchasing an item that he will sell, lease, or rent within the geographical limits of the U.S. may issue a resale certificate to his supplier in lieu of paying the sales and use taxes. A purchaser who buys only items for resale from a seller may issue a 'blanket' resale certificate to a seller. The certificate describes the general nature of the taxable items purchased for resale, and it is valid until revoked in writing by the purchaser. Texas and out-of-state retailers may issue resale certificates. In addition Mexican retailers may also issue resale certificates. To be valid a resale certificate must contain:
In addition, the following statements must be included as part of the resale certificate:
If a person from the United Mexican States issues a valid resale certificate or a Border States Uniform Sale for Resale Certificate, along with a copy of their Mexican Registration Form to the seller, export documentation is not needed. All blanks on a resale certificate should be completely filled in. Pay particular attention to the description of the property being purchased to be resold. Compare the description on the resale certificates with the description on the sales invoice to determine if the certificate applies. Miscellaneous Notes Regarding Resale Certificates:
Resale Certificate Form - 01-339 (Rev.6-04/5)NOTE: This is only a suggested format. Besides the above format, the 'Border States Uniform Sale for Resale Certificate' which was adopted by the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas is also acceptable. Exemption CertificatesAn exemption certificate is a document similar to resale certificates, except that a taxpayer number is not required for it to be valid. An exemption certificate may be issued to a supplier by:
Exemptions from sales and use tax are provided under the following general categories. It should be noted that this is not a complete list. Each rule needs to be studied to determine whether a full or partial exemption exists.
An exemption certificate must contain:
An exemption certificate is not required if the purchase is:
Miscellaneous Notes Regarding Exemption Certificates:
An exempt organization search is available on the Windows on State Government Web site under Texas Taxes/Filing and Paying Taxes. Exemption Certificate Form - 01-339 (back)NOTE: This is only a suggested format. Direct Payment Exemption CertificateDirect payment exemption certificates are issued by authorized taxpayers who have obtained a direct payment permit and remit all taxes directly to the Comptroller. In order for a taxpayer to obtain a direct payment permit, the taxpayer must purchase at least $800,000 of taxable items annually for use by the entity and not for resale. The taxpayer must be able to show the Comptroller that the accounting methods used clearly distinguish between taxable and nontaxable purchases and between purchases for own use and purchases for resale. Once the taxpayer receives a direct payment permit, he should use a direct payment exemption certificate for purchases for his own use and a resale certificate for purchases for resale. The direct payment permit holder must report his purchases monthly on the Direct Payment Return (Form 01-119). Purchases cannot be reported on the Sales and Use Tax Return because a timely filing discount is not allowed for direct payment permit holders. This is part of the Taxpayer's Agreement (Item 1 on the application) signed by the taxpayer. A lump-sum contractor may not accept a direct payment exemption certificate, because the contractor is considered the ultimate consumer of the materials incorporated into the lump-sum job. However, a real property repairman/remodeler may accept a direct payment certificate for a lump-sum job for remodeling or repair of nonresidential real property. The direct payment permit holder would then be required to accrue and remit the taxes due on both the materials and labor. Direct payment permit holders may not issue direct payment exemption certificates to persons providing nontaxable services. When a direct payment permit holder is doing business with a person who may be selling taxable items as well as nontaxable services, the direct payment exemption certificate must indicate that it does not cover any nontaxable services that may be provided. When scheduling unsupported Deductions the auditor should:
Note: A searchable database is available on our website.
Reporting MethodsThe direct payment permit holder agrees to accrue and remit the applicable state and local taxes on all items used in Texas. If the items are for use in Texas, taxes are due upon first storage in Texas. Normally, taxes are due based upon date of purchase. However, if a storage facility contains taxable items purchased under a direct payment certificate and at the time of storage it is not known whether the taxable items will be used in Texas or out-of-state, then the direct payment permit holder may elect to report the taxes when:
The method of reporting the taxes must be consistent. Items taken outside Texas for use solely outside the state are exempt from tax. If taxes are reported based on first storage and the items are later used out-of-state without any prior uses in Texas, credit may be taken by the direct payment permit holder. Local TaxesLocal taxes are based on the location where the taxable items are first used, stored, or consumed. Example 1: When to report: If purchased for use in Texas, tax is due when brought into Texas. If at the time of purchase it has not been determined whether the items will be used in Texas or out-of-state, tax is due when first stored or when first removed from storage for use in Texas. Direct payment holder must select one method and use it consistently.
If any of the items are later used out-of-state without any prior use in Texas, credit may be taken by the permit holder. Example 2: When to report: If purchased for use in Texas, tax is due based upon date of purchase. If at the time it has not been determined whether the items will be used in Texas or out-of-state, tax is due when first stored or when first removed for use in Texas. Direct payment holder must select one method and use it consistently.
If taxes are reported based on first storage and any items are later used out-of-state without any prior use in Texas, credit may be taken by the permit holder. Sales to Direct Payment Permit HoldersSales to direct payment permit holders require special treatment in the audit of the vendor as the direct payment permit holder is responsible for accruing and remitting the tax directly to the Comptroller rather than paying the tax to the seller. During the vendor's audit, the auditor must determine that the sale is to a direct payment permit holder and also verify the effective date of the permit to make sure it is applicable for all of the transactions being examines. The auditor should then follow these guidelines.
If the seller is a lump sum contractor, he cannot accept a Direct Payment Certificate from his customer in order to purchase materials for a job tax-free. The contractor must pay the tax on the materials because he is the ultimate consumer – the direct payment permit holders cannot authorize any other entity to use their permit. A seller may accept a Direct Payment Certificate for non-residential restoration, remodeling, and repair and for any sale of taxable services. Optional Percentage-Based ReportingSince October 1, 1999, the Comptroller may authorize direct payment permit holders, through a formal contract, to use a percentage-based reporting method. Once approved, the authorized percentage must be used for a three-year period unless the Comptroller revokes the authorization before that period. This percentage-based reporting is available on to direct payment permit holders and applies only to the purchases that the taxpayer is authorized to make under the Direct Payment Permit. Qualifying taxpayers wishing to report Taxable Purchases utilizing the optional percentage-based reporting must make a written request to the Manager of Audit Division. Initially, the percentages to be reported will be computed through an Audit or Managed Audit of the taxpayer. Subsequent audits of the taxpayer will consist of verifying the reported percentages. The preliminary meeting between the auditor and the taxpayer's representative(s) will consist of analyzing the various identifiable segments of the taxpayer and the various categories of purchases – assets, expenses, and other. A determination will be made which purchases will be detailed and which will be sampled. For purchases to be sampled, the various Accounts of Interest will be identified. Regardless of whether an Audit or a Managed Audit is being performed on the taxpayer, all sampling procedures must meet Comptroller guidelines. The appropriate transactions may be categorized by:
After the above procedures are completed, a Formal Approval to proceed is granted by the Comptroller, and a Formal Contract between the Comptroller and the taxpayer is executed. An Audit Plan Summary, which includes the procedures to be applied to each identifiable business segment, is developed jointly with the taxpayer. The necessary fieldwork is then completed. If this is a Managed Audit and the taxpayer is performing the fieldwork, Comptroller approval, as outlined in the Audit Plan Summary, is required during the various steps of the fieldwork. All schedules submitted by the taxpayer must be in the format specified by the Comptroller. The Comptroller reviews the fieldwork, finalizes the schedules, and provides preliminary results to the taxpayer. The Comptroller issues the Letter of Authorization by attaching Exhibit A to the Sales & Use Tax Compliance Agreement. Exhibit A would consist of the various Accounts of Interest and the percentages that will be reported as taxable. For more information on Percentage-Based Reporting for Direct Payment Permit holders, please refer to Audit Memo AP 75. For more information on Managed Audit policy and procedures, please refer to Audit Memos AP 111 An exhibit of the Sales and Use Tax Compliance Agreement is shown below. Sales and Use Tax Compliance Agreement Optional Reporting Method: Percentage-BasedCompany Name And The State of Texas Comptroller of Public AccountsThis Tax Compliance Agreement is made this ______ day of ________________, _____, between RECITALSWhereas, Taxpayer is permitted under the Texas Tax Code, Chapter 151, with direct payment permit number ___________________ and Whereas, Taxpayer has requested authorization to report their tax obligations under the Texas Tax Code, Chapter 151,
using an optional Whereas, Section 151.4171 defines 'Optional Reporting Method: Percentage-Based' to mean a method by which a taxpayer categorizes Whereas, Comptroller may, as authorized by Section 151.4171(b), permit the holder of a direct payment permit to use a percentage-based I. PROCEDURES AND GENERAL PROVISIONSComptroller and Taxpayer hereby agree as follows: 1. Taxpayer currently is reporting all taxes imposed under Tax Code, Chapter 151,
on purchases of taxable items for its own use under 2. The Comptroller has audited
Taxpayer for tax due on purchases for the period of _______________ through _________________, 3. Because the sampling procedures, as applied to the general ledger accounts listed in Exhibit A, used in the sample audit produced 4. The Comptroller will audit Taxpayer's general Ledger Account Number(s) using any method that it finds to be appropriate under 5. If, as a result of a preliminary review of the Taxpayer's records, the State determines that the cost of a more detailed audit of the 6. Although the parties intend to be bound to the percentages stated on Exhibit A for assessment and refund purposes, if the State 7. The percentages stated on Exhibit A were determined to be correct in reporting Taxpayer's purchases based on the law and rules in 8. Except as otherwise provided herein, this Agreement may be terminated by either party, provided a written notice of sixty (60) days 9. Taxpayer represents and warrants that it has not given, offered to give, and does not intend to give at any time hereafter, any 10. This
Agreement may be amended only upon written agreement between Comptroller and Taxpayer, but in no case shall this 11. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas. The venue of any suit 12. Any correspondence related to this Agreement directed to the Comptroller should be sent to the Manager of Audit Division. Any 13. Comptroller and the State of Texas shall not be liable for any damages or any other amounts to
Taxpayer or any other entity or Authorized Signatures Comptroller of Public Accounts Taxpayer By:____________________________ By:____________________________ Martin Hubert Name:__________________________ Deputy Comptroller Title:_________________________ Date:__________________________ Date:__________________________ Direct Payment Exemption Certificate FormState of Texas Direct Payment Exemption Certificate Limited Sales, Excise, and Use TaxDirect payment authorization number: __12345678903______________________ The undersigned hereby claims exemption from the payment of state, city, county, MTA, and/or CTD
sales and use Seller: ___ABC Services, Inc._____________________ Street address: __1212 Gibson Lane________________ City, state, zip code: ___Houston, Texas 77043_______ This certificate will remain in effect until the seller is otherwise notified. Description of items purchased. If this space is left blank, this certificate covers everything on the attached order, invoice, or billing. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ This certificate does not cover: (1) Purchases of taxable items to be resold. (2) Sales or rentals to any purchaser other than the permit holder. (3) Sales or rentals of motor vehicles subject to the motor vehicle sales and use tax (Chapter 152) and interstate motor carrier sales and use tax (Chapter 157). (4) Materials or supplies used, transferred, or consumed by a provider of a nontaxable service. The permit holder agrees not to permit others (including its contractors and repairmen) to use the undersigned's direct payment authorization to purchase materials tax-free. This certificate is not valid for lump-sum new construction projects to improve real property. The undersigned agrees to accrue and pay the tax to the Comptroller of Public Accounts as required by statute. Permit holder: _XYC Corporation______________ Authorized signature: _Pablo Ximenez, Treasurer__ Date of purchase: ____June 22, 2006__________ NOTE: The above form is only a suggested format. Alcoholic Beverage Exemption CertificateA resale certificate is not required on the sale of liquor, wine, beer, or malt liquor from a licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or distributor to a retailer licensed under the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code (Rule 3.289). These sales are presumed to be for resale. An Alcoholic Beverage Exemption Certificate may be issued to the supplier by a holder of a mixed beverage permit, late hour mixed beverage permit, or daily temporary mixed beverage permit issued by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. The holders of mixed beverage permits may not necessarily be permitted for sales tax. The certificate may be issued to suppliers in lieu of sales tax on the purchase of alcoholic beverages, ice, mixes, and nonalcoholic beverages if the receipts from their resale of these items are taxable under Tax Code, Chapter 183 (Mixed Beverage Tax). Alcoholic Beverage Exemption Certificate FormI, the undersigned, hereby claim an exemption from payment of taxes under the Tax Code, sec. 151.308(8), (9), for the purchase ______________________________________________________________________________________________ I claim this exemption because I hold _____________________(type of permit)_________________________________ _______________________________, _________________(number of permit)_______________________________ issued by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission. I understand that I will be liable for payment of the
limited sales and use Executed this ___________ day of ____________________, 20___. Purchaser ___________________________________________________ Business Address ___________________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Consular Tax Exemption CardsThe foreign diplomat should present his consular tax exemption card to the vendor when purchasing taxable merchandise. A consular tax exemption card is issued by the U.S. Department of State, is not transferable, and may not be used by others, including spouses. For audit purposes, check individual invoices for the signature of the consular official and the consular exemption number which appears on the back of the card. Prior Contract Exemption CertificateA contract that is legally binding and entered into prior to a law change or tax increase may be exempt due to a prior contract exemption. Prior Contract Exemption Certificates must be furnished by a contractor to the vendor for all purchases which qualify for the prior contract exemption. Prior Contract Exemption applies to:
The prior contract exemptions apply only if the Texas legislature has provided enabling legislation. The effective date and statute of limitations date on prior contracts will also be governed by the enabling legislation. The prior contract exemption is only good for three years from the date the city, county, SPD, or MTA/CTD takes effect in any taxing jurisdiction. Note: Currently, there is no enabling legislation which would allow for a prior contract exemption. Prior Contract Exemption Certificate FormDivergent UseState and local sales or use tax is due on the divergent use of a taxable item purchased under a valid resale or exemption certificate. If a taxable item purchased under a valid resale or exemption certificate is used in a taxable manner, the purchaser is liable for tax on the fair market rental value of the tangible personal property or the fair market value of the taxable service for the period of time used or on the original purchase price of the item. The fair market rental value is the amount that a purchaser would pay on the open market to obtain that taxable item or taxable service. At any time the person using the tangible personal property or the taxable service may stop paying tax on the fair market rental value and instead pay tax on the original purchase price. When the person elects to pay tax on the original purchase price, credit will not be allowed for taxes previously paid based on the fair market rental value. Example:
Sixty-Day LetterBy law, properly executed resale or exemption certificates should be in the possession of the seller at the time of the nontaxable transaction. Auditors should allow the taxpayer a reasonable amount of time (depending on the circumstances of the audit) to obtain the missing certificates relating to unsupported tax-free sales before the audit is finalized. If the taxpayer did not acquire all certificates needed within the time period allowed by the auditor, Texas Tax Code §151.0054(e) allow taxpayers sixty days to obtain the missing certificates from the date the Comptroller gives written notification requiring them. A sixty-day letter will be sent by the Audit Processing Section of Audit HQ in Austin. All certificates acquired during this time are subject to verification. The Sixty-Day Letter does not apply to:
Issuing the Sixty-Day LetterAfter the audit is billed, the taxpayer must request a redetermination hearing in order to be able to submit documentation, including certificates. The Audit Processing Section of Audit HQ will send an acknowledgement letter to the taxpayer in response to his Statement of Grounds. If certificates are involved, the sixty-day notification will also be included in the body of the letter. The taxpayer will then be allowed sixty days from the date the letter is received in which to provide additional documentation and/or certificates that support his Statement of Grounds. A deduction will not be granted on the basis of certificates delivered to the Comptroller after the sixty-day period. An example of a sixty-day letter is shown next. 60-Day Letter Example COMPTROLLER OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS September 25, 2006 Mr. Allen B. Clark, President Dear Mr. Clark: I have received your request for a redetermination hearing on the limited sales, excise, and use tax audit performed Your case will be reviewed by Houston South Audit, and if any relief can be granted at this initial stage you will be If we
determine the issues in dispute cannot resolved by the audit office, you have the right to meet with an Please do not hesitate to call Jennifer Hernandez in the Houston South Audit Office if your have any questions. You Sincerely, James Jefferson Letter of AssignmentA Letter of Assignment is used when a taxpayer reports their sales activity under the wrong taxpayer number. This can happen when a sole owner incorporates but continues to report sales tax information under the sole owner's number instead of the corporation's taxpayer number. When this happens, the auditor must obtain a Letter of Assignment, and two audits must be performed. To determine the audit period of each entity, the auditor must remember that the goal is to bring all entities current. In the situation above, if the corporation were in existence for the entire audit period, the audit of the sole owner would be a no tax change audit. All adjustments, if any, would be assessed in the audit of the corporation. The audit period of the sole owner would start at the beginning of the audit period and go through the last report filed. The audit period of the corporation would also start at the beginning of the audit period and go through the last period of the audit (the two audits may have the same audit period). If the sole owner incorporated during the audit period but continued to report sales information under the sole owner number, the audit of the sole owner should start at the beginning of the audit period and continue through the last report period filed under the sole owner number. Adjustments, if any, should be made on the sole owner audit through the date they incorporated. Adjustments after incorporation should be included in the audit of the corporation. If the auditor has to permit the succeeding entity, do not back date the permit within the audit period. First business date should begin one day after the ending audit period. The new entity will be non-permitted for the audit period and will default to monthly filer when the audit is uploaded. Set up CATS and WATS as monthly. Inform the taxpayer that they will be responsible for filing all appropriate returns that fall after the audit period. In addition, the auditor needs to capture Secretary of State (SOS) file numbers of entities that may be liable for franchise tax. If the taxpayer is a Texas limited partnership, a foreign limited partnership, or a Texas professional association, then the auditor will need to go to the SOS Web site to find the file number. This file number must be entered on XUMAST. If the taxpayer is a corporation or a LLC, the needed information is already captured on XISUMM (tax code 13) for those corporations and LLCs that are registered with the Texas SOS. The audit procedures are:
All of the related audits should be batched together. Letter of Assignment ExampleASSIGNMENT To the Comptroller of Public Accounts for the State of Texas: ______________________________ erroneously reported and remitted (assignor) __________________________ taxes directly to the State of Texas under (tax type) account number _______________________________________ during the period (assignor's acct. #) _________________________ to ________________________ . These taxes were the responsibility of ______________________________ (assignee) and should have been reported and paid to the State by __________________________ under the account number (assignee) ___________________________ . (assignee's acct. # or n/a) ________________________ has assigned all right, title, and (assignor) interest to credit or refund for the taxes erroneously reported and paid to the State as described in this assignment to _____________________________ . ___________________________ further (assignee) (assignor) states that he has not previously claimed a refund nor taken a credit for these taxes and will not claim a refund or credit for these taxes in the future. Sincerely, ______________________ (name) _______________________ (title) ________________________ (date) Sales to Destinations Outside of TexasThe sale of tangible personal property which, under the sales contract, is shipped to a point outside Texas is exempt from the tax if:
A transaction is not exempt as a sale in interstate commerce if:
The first step in reviewing sales in interstate commerce is to refer to the shipping address on invoices. Out of state sales may be supported by purchase orders and/or shipping documents. These documents usually contain instructions to deliver merchandise to the carrier. Cash DiscountsDeductions may include cash discounts. It is important to analyze how the taxpayer reports cash discounts. Deductions for cash discount are:
Each discount must meet the following requirements. The discount:
Examine the taxpayer's working papers to determine how the deduction was computed. Deductions should be verified by tracing sales invoices on which the discounts were allowed to the cash receipts journal. NOTE: If the discount is calculated on the original sales price excluding tax and tax is not recalculated, then the original tax is still due. See the second example on the following page. Cash Discounts, ExamplesEXAMPLE Sales Price $40.00 Sales Tax @ 8.25% 3.30 ------ Total Invoice $43.30 Less 2 percent discount (2 percent of $43.20) $ .87 ------ Amount paid by customer $42.43 ====== The customer receives a total discount of 87 cents (80 cents discount on sales price and 7 cents tax credit). If the vendor had previously reported the total $40 sales price, a discount of 80 cents is allowed ($40 sales price minus 2 percent of $40.) EXAMPLE Sales Price $40.00 Sales Tax @ 8.25% 3.30 ------ Total Invoice $43.30 Less 2 percent discount (2 percent of $40.00) $ .80 ------ Amount paid by customer $42.50 ====== The discount is NOT allowed as a Deduction even if the $40 sales price had been previously reported because the tax paid by the customer was not refunded on the discounted amount. In other words, tax should have been refigured [($40 - 80 cents) x 8.25 percent]; however, it was not refigured nor refunded. Returned MerchandiseReturns of taxable merchandise are deductible if the following conditions are met:
A handling or restocking charge does not affect the deduction allowed for returned merchandise. In verifying returned merchandise, be sure that only the sales price of taxable merchandise is claimed as a deduction. Credit for Tax PaidAllow credit in an audit for taxes paid to a supplier or taxes accrued and reported on a purchase if:
In audits, credits can be given for local taxes paid on purchases even if the taxpayer never reported any local taxes during the audit period. However, taxpayers can claim credits for local taxes on returns only if the taxpayer reported to the same local taxing jurisdictions in which credit is being taken and only up to the amount reported. If the credit taken on a return results in an overall credit figure, Allocations Division will amend prior period returns, zeroing out the applicable local taxes, until the credit is exhausted. If one or more of these returns fall within an audited period, that audit will have to be amended in order to process the credit, and an audit amendment request will be generated. Multistate Tax CreditDue to various state sales and use tax laws, it is possible that an item may be legally subject to sales/use tax in more than one state. In this case, the tax must be paid first to the state in which the item is used in a taxable manner. The definition of use also includes possession, storage, or other consumption. If the item is then moved to another state in which the item is also taxable, only the additional percentage of tax is due. Credit for Texas use tax will not be allowed for taxes paid to another state when the tax was not legally due to that state. Credit for tax legally paid to another state is applied in the following order:
Example #1:
Note: If the taxable amount of the item purchased was $25,000, the auditor would enter $9,000 as taxable on the exam for State tax only in order for the system to yield the correct tax amount. $25,000 x 8 1/4% use tax due - $2,062.50 $25,000 x 6% Ok.sales tax paid - -1,500.00 --------- $562.50 = Texas Use Tax Due $562.50/.0625 Texas Use Tax Rate = $9,000 Example #2: The auditor would assess 6 ¼% Texas State Use Tax, 1% City of Dallas Use Tax, and 1% Dallas MTA Use Tax on the entire taxable amount of the item purchased. No credit would be allowed the purchaser for the 6% Oklahoma sales tax paid. The purchaser would have to apply to the Oklahoma vendor for a refund of the Oklahoma tax paid in error. Bad DebtsBad debt deductions may be claimed for sales and use tax purposes only on the portion of the sales price of a taxable item or service which cannot be collected. Bad debt deductions may not be claimed for unpaid balances if the retailer has been reporting tax liabilities on the cash basis. A seller's records must show the following in order to claim a bad debt deduction:
Period In Which Deductions Are AllowedBad debts may be deducted:
Write-Off ProceduresThe procedure used by a taxpayer to record a bad debt may vary depending upon the accounting methods and procedures used. Some common procedures are:
Amounts Not DeductibleThe following items may not be included as bad debt deductions:
Verification of Bad Debts DeductionsExamine the accounting records and Federal Income Tax returns to determine that bad debt deductions have been properly computed and written off. Verify deductions by:
Bad Debt RecoveriesReview the general accounting records to determine that collections of previously charged-off accounts have been reported properly for sales and use tax purposes. Collections are to be reported on the same pro-rata basis used for claiming the bad debt deductions. Insurance RecoveriesAny indemnification received from insurance should be used to reduce the allowable bad debt loss. RepossessionWhen merchandise is repossessed from a debtor and resold by the creditor, then the value of the merchandise should not be used to lower the value of the claimed bad debt write-off. Tax Erroneously CollectedTax is erroneously collected when tax is charged on a transaction but no authority exists under the statutes to charge and collect the tax. Examples include, but are not limited to:
The taxpayer is required to pay tax to the state when tax (state and local) is erroneously collected unless a refund is made to the customer. Allow credit when the taxpayer shows:
Example: During an audit, it is noted that the taxpayer collected $82.50 in State, City, and MTA taxes on a $1,000.00 sale of bottled water; however, the tax was not reported even though it was collected from the customer. The auditor needs to make an audit adjustment for a taxable amount of $1,320.00 allocated to State only ($82.50/.0625 State tax rate). Or The auditor may make an audit adjustment for a taxable amount of $1,000.00 allocated to State, Contingent City, and Contingent MTA. By allocating to Contingent City and Contingent MTA, the State will receive the total tax collected in error. Taxable PurchasesTaxable Purchases are taxable items (tangible personal property or taxable services):
Internal Control Questions to be Analyzed and Evaluated for Taxable PurchasesGeneral Controls
Document Controls (Invoices and Purchase Orders)
Recording Process Controls
Audit Procedures for Taxable PurchasesIn examining taxable purchases or services, perform the following steps:
The audit procedures used will depend on each specific taxpayer situation. The auditor will have to make some of the following decisions using auditor judgment:
Records to ExamineReview the following records for unreported taxable purchases and services.
Tax Accrual ReconciliationSome taxpayers have a tax accrual account which summarizes tax accrued for Taxable Purchases. Analyze the tax accrual account and compare it to reported Taxable Purchases on the sales tax history. Evaluate all differences. Schedule any unreported Taxable Purchases. Evaluate all debit entries. Purchase CategoriesPurchases can be divided into the following areas:
Items Withdrawn from InventoryIf a taxpayer maintains a tax-free inventory (items purchased with valid resale/exemption certificates) and withdraws items from this inventory for personal use, then taxes are due on the items withdrawn. Tax is based on the fair market rental value for the period of time used. The fair market rental value is the amount that a purchaser would pay on the open market to rent or lease the tangible personal property for use. See Rule 3.285 and 3.287. A taxpayer may elect to pay the tax on the original purchase price of the item withdrawn from inventory. If the taxpayer makes this election, credit will not be allowed for any taxes previously paid based on fair market rental value. Examine the following:
Discuss any inventory withdrawals with the taxpayer. Divergent Use by ManufacturersIf a manufacturer issues an exemption certificate to purchase qualifying tangible personal property tax-free and subsequently uses the item for a nonexempt purpose:
Tax Charged on the InvoiceIf a purchase invoice includes a charge for taxes, confirm that:
Multi-State Tax Credit, ExamplesEXAMPLE: Purchaser is located in Houston and within the Houston MTA. Purchase price: $10,000. Purchase date: 01-10-06. $450 in sales tax was legally due and paid to another state. 8.25% Texas tax would have been due. > $450 < Tax paid to another state 100 Houston MTA tax applied ($10,000 x 1%) ------ < 350 > Balance of credit 100 City of Houston tax applied ($10,000 x 1%) ------ < 250 > Balance of credit 625 State tax applied ($10,000 x 6.25%) ----- $375 State tax due after credit To convert this to taxable amount, divide tax rate into tax due. $375 / .0625 = $6,000.00 = Taxable Amt. to be entered on exam, State only. EXAMPLE: Purchaser is located in Tyler (Smith County). Purchase price is $10,000. Purchase date: 11-03-06. $150 in sales tax was paid to another state. 8.25% Texas tax would have been due. < $150 > Tax paid to another state 50 Smith County tax applied ($10,000 x 1/2%) ------ < 100 > Balance of credit $200 City of Tyler tax due ($10,000 x 2%) ------ $100 City tax due after credit < $625 > State tax due ($10,000 x 6.25%) In this case, one entry must be made for a taxable amount of $10,000 for state tax only and another entry for $5,000 for city tax only. There may be instances where the rate of tax and tax paid in another state exceeds the amount of taxes due in this state. THE EXCESS AMOUNT OF TAX CANNOT BE CLAIMED AS A DEDUCTION. NOTE: In both of the above examples, the auditor must enter footnotes explaining why the applicable taxable amounts were entered. Taxes Not Paid to VendorIf taxes were not paid to the vendor as indicated on the invoice, confirm if the taxes were accrued and paid to the Comptroller.
If tax is not accrued and reported, then make an adjustment for the applicable taxes due. Automotive Oil Sales FeeAuditors should always look at purchases of oil when conducting sales tax audits of auto businesses, auto parts stores, and related businesses in order to ensure that the Automotive Oil Sales Fee has been paid. The fee is collected by oil manufacturers or oil importers who make a first sale or use of automotive oil in Texas. The fee is two cents per quart of oil. Many out-of-state sellers of automotive oil are not permitted for this tax, thus do not collect the fee. Run the MTSUMM or XISUMM inquiry on CICS to verify if a seller is permitted for this tax (Tax Code 69). See Audit Memo AM 1688. Alternative Auditing MethodsIntroductionAn audit estimation should have a valid basis for its assessment. Amounts, though based on estimates, must be defensible in Redetermination Hearings and /or in State District Court. The following auditing techniques may be used to establish amounts for sales or purchases when some records are available but are insufficient for normal auditing techniques.
Note: Estimation procedures for grocery and convenience stores are fully discussed in the Audit Procedures for Grocery Stores Manual. Audit procedure manuals detailing specialized industries are available to all audit staff. Some are currently online at the Comptroller's Web site while others are being revised so that they, too, may be available online. For a complete list of these manuals see Chapter 1 of this manual. Records from Outside SourcesIf a taxpayer will not provide records or is unable to provide records, there are several options for obtaining records from outside sources.
NOTE: For more information on issuing a subpoena to obtain records, please refer to Audit Memo AP 70. An auditor may encounter a situation where the records of the company to be audited are being held by a court. This situation may occur during bankruptcy, liquidation, or pending litigation of the company. In this case, the Comptroller's General Counsel must petition the court to have the records made available for the auditor's examination. Bank Deposit MethodIf bank statements are available for the entire audit period, use the following formula for auditing sales. Total Bank Deposits Less: Non-sales receipts deposited -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal Add: Items paid by cash (i.e., business expenses) Cash accumulated during the year from receipts never deposited -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal Less: Re-deposits (If not deducted, sales will be over stated as the original deposit was included) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal Audited Sales (tax included) Less: Tax free sales supported by the appropriate documentation -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal Audited Taxable Sales (tax included) Less: Tax included -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Audited Taxable Sales If bank deposits are available for only a portion of the audit period, calculate the percentage of error using the following procedure. Audited Taxable Sales Less: Reported Taxable Sales (from audit history) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Underreported Sales Percentage of Error = Underreported Sales ----------------------------- Reported Sales ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Note: The Percentage of Error obtained above would be applied to Reported Taxable Sales for those periods where bank deposits were not available. Cost Accountability MethodThis method is useful when performing an audit on a taxpayer involved in construction. Beginning inventory of materials Add: Purchases of materials ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal Less: Ending Inventory of materials ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Less: Cost of goods to be accounted for Over-the-counter-sales (at cost)* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subtotal Less: Materials on which tax accrued ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Underreported Materials at Cost *Sales/1 + average mark-up Gross Profit (Mark-Up) MethodWhen the expense and cost of goods sold records are adequate but the sales records are inadequate, then this method may be used. When it is used, one or more of the other auditing techniques should support the estimate of sales.
Unit Volume MethodThis technique is effectively used to determine sales for businesses with only a few product lines, such as bars and nightclubs. Number of units purchased x Unit Selling Prices ------------------------- = Sales The price per unit is obtained from current and previous price lists. Make adjustments for changes in selling price during the audit period. Also make adjustments for inventory beginning and ending volumes and items removed from inventory for personal use, if the information is available. For more information on this audit procedure, consult the Audit Procedures for Mixed Beverage Tax Manual. Net Profit MethodThis method should be used on smaller businesses. Use the following Net Profit worksheets to assist in the calculations.
Net Profit Worksheet1. Estimated/average personal expenses monthly (1) a. Personal Expenses $____________ b. Household Expenses ____________ c. Auto Expenses ____________ d. Medical ____________ e. Taxes ____________ f. Miscellaneous ____________ Total Avg. Personal Expenses $___________ 2. Estimated/average business expenses monthly a. Salaries $___________ b. Utilities ___________ c. Supplies ___________ d. Rent ___________ e. Repairs & Replacement ___________ f. Other ___________ Total Avg. Business Expenses $___________ 3. Estimated/Average Yearly Expenses Total Avg. Monthly Expenses (1+2) $____________ Multiplied by 12 Months X 12 Total Avg. Yearly Expenses $____________ 4. Adjustments Add: Increase in Bank Account $____________ Subtract: Decrease in Savings Account $____________ Proceeds from C.D./Loans ____________ Spouse's Salary ____________ (Total) $____________ Total Adjustments $____________ (1) See Estimated Average Personal Expenses Worksheet. 5. Total Estimated Expenses (3+4) $____________ Add: Cost of Goods Sold ____________ 6. Total Estimated Gross Sales $____________ Less: Reported Gross Sales ____________ Total Unreported Gross Sales $____________ Estimated Methods When records are not available or are not made available to the auditor, other methods must be used to estimate an audit. Some examples are:
Estimated Average Personal Expenses Worksheet (Step 1 of Net Profit Worksheet)
Account Information CardIf the vendor did not charge any tax and it appears that the vendor has representation in Texas (i.e., vendor is located in Texas; vendor has a salesperson who takes orders in Texas; etc.), complete an Account Information Card on the vendor unless it is known that the taxpayer gave the vendor a resale or exemption certificate. Audit Lead, Form 00-828BankruptcyWith fluctuating economic conditions, bankruptcy has become a significant topic in auditing. In this section the types of bankruptcy are listed along with the events and audit guidelines to help the auditor understand how it relates to the audit. Types of BankruptcyChapter 7 - Liquidation
Chapter 9
Chapter 11 - Reorganization
Chapter 12
Chapter 13 - Debt Adjustment
Bankruptcy EventsThe following time line shows: Typical timing requirements, but the sequence of events may vary: >>>----v--------------v--------------------v---------------------v----->>> Petition Bar Confirmation Case Date Date Date Closed
Audit GuidelinesThe following general guidelines should be followed to protect the State's interest:
See Audit Directive Memo AD 26 for additional information. Large Corporations in BankruptcyIf a large corporation files for Chapter 11 Reorganization, perform an audit unless one was recently completed. The audit must be scheduled as soon after filing as the taxpayer will allow. A bar date for claims is usually set 180 days from the Petition Date after the bankruptcy is filed. Keep in very close contact with the Bankruptcy Section of Revenue Accounting to be sure that the claim based on the audit is timely filed with the court. If the taxpayer is uncooperative, contact the General Counsel's Litigation and Taxation Section. The Comptroller might be able to submit a motion to the bankruptcy court for a turnover of the records or for an extension of time to file a claim. Also, if necessary, an estimated audit should be performed and amended at a later date after discussion with the Bankruptcy Section. Sales taxes collected prior to the bankruptcy filing are considered 'trust funds.' The court will be petitioned for immediate payment of these taxes. Insolvent TaxpayersInsolvency is the inability to pay debts as they fall due in the usual course of business and/or having liabilities in excess of a reasonable market value of assets held, or insufficient assets to pay all debts. Section 111.102 of the Tax Code, Collection Procedures, gives the Comptroller authority to settle a claim for a tax, penalty, or interest if:
A claim for insolvency should not be confused with imminent or actual bankruptcy. A taxpayer can pursue an insolvency claim through the agency without filing for bankruptcy. See the bankruptcy section of this chapter. When insolvency is claimed, Audit Headquarters generally requires an examination of the records before making a recommendation. Headquarters will issue a memo to the field audit office requesting an insolvency investigation. The investigation will verify the accuracy of the taxpayer's financial data by the given deadline and convey the findings to the designated contact in Audit Headquarters. The auditor's supervisor should also determine whether the audit should be expedited so that a jeopardy determination can be issued. An immediate request for lien filing may be sent to the Revenue Accounting Liens Section. NOTE: There are no set guidelines for determining when a jeopardy determination should be issued. The auditor should obtain as much financial information about the taxpayer as possible and discuss the situation with the supervisor and/or manager. Sources of a Claim of InsolvencyAudit in Progress The auditor may detect an unstable financial condition. The auditor should consult the supervisor and determine whether or not to continue the audit. If management decides to pursue the audit, management may consult with either the Comptroller's General Counsel Division or the Bankruptcy Section of Revenue Accounting. Field management and Austin will work together to determine the appropriate course of action - deadlines, scope of audit and other measures in the best interest of the state. Redetermination Hearings If insolvency is claimed at any stage, from the statement of grounds through motion for rehearing:
Direct Contact The auditor should refer all taxpayers claiming insolvency to the appropriate personnel in Audit Headquarters who will be primarily responsible for handling telephone and mail contact from taxpayers claiming insolvency outside of audits in progress or in redetermination. Other Circumstances In cases of extreme or urgent circumstances, the General Counsel Division will be primarily responsible for action taken in addressing the issue and formulating recommendations for its resolution to appropriate agency divisions or personnel. Performance of the Review by AuditorObjectives Ascertain that the taxpayer's financial condition as reflected on his books and records has not been the result of intentionally or unintentionally falsified financial data. The major objectives for implementing a review include:
In most instances, the taxpayer is a sole proprietorship, partnership, and/or closely held corporation. The records maintained by these taxpayers often represent un-audited financial data. Scrutinize all audit evidence for reliability. Records Required The taxpayer MUST provide records for an insolvency claim to be approved. If the business has been in operation for three years or longer, the MINIMUM records required are:
Businesses operating for less than three years will provide these records for the periods in operation. Basic Plan The following outline is a basic plan in the overall exam of a taxpayer's books and records. Additional procedures unique to the specific audit and adapted to the size and nature of a taxpayer's business may be needed.
In analyzing these ratios, consider several factors. Generally, from a creditor's point of view, the higher the current and acid-test ratios and the shorter the operating cycle, the better. However, excessive current and acid-test ratios are unfavorable in management's view. Similarly, an unusually high rate of inventory turnover may indicate that the company is losing business by failing to maintain an adequate supply of goods; however, a creditor may look favorably upon a high turnover rate. A high rate of accounts receivable turnover may indicate that the company's credit policies need to be relaxed to encourage more business, while a low debt to equity ratio may indicate a substantial margin of protection against insolvency. For the purposes of determining the solvency or insolvency of the taxpayer, a comparison of ratios over time is more revealing than studying single measurements. Analyzing the trends may reveal a stable position or a degenerating financial condition. However, do not rely solely on these ratios to determine solvency or insolvency. If the trend is favorable or unfavorable, make further inquiry as to the underlying reasons. Successor Liability – Liability Incurred by Purchase of a BusinessIntroductionBriefly, successor liability is the liability for any sales tax amounts due and unpaid by the former owner of a business that passes to the succeeding owner. A purchaser of any business or stock of goods is liable for payment of any amount owed the state by the seller under the Tax Code, Title 2, §111.020. The tax liability of the seller/owner includes any previous outstanding successor liability owed by the owner/seller. Thus, each successor/purchaser is liable for any taxes due and not paid by each previous owner or owners in succession until each tax liability has been satisfied. In order to be relieved from any liability incurred by purchase of a business, the purchaser must, at the time of purchase,
The purchaser must withhold the amount owed by the seller of the business until the seller presents to the purchaser a certificate from the comptroller stating that no tax is due or that any amounts previously due have been paid. The failure of the purchaser of the business to obtain the certificate from the comptroller or to withhold any amounts due would subject the purchaser to successor liability. Either the seller or the purchaser of the business may request that the comptroller issue a certificate that no tax is due or issue a statement of the amount required to be paid before a certificate may be issued. Certificate from the ComptrollerA certificate from the comptroller stating the amount due or that no tax is due may be obtained in the following manner:
Purchase Price of the BusinessThe purchase price paid or to be paid for the business shall include but not limited to
The purchase price paid to the seller for the business or stock of goods must be reasonably equivalent to the value of the business or stock of goods. Otherwise, the purchaser will be assessed the difference as a tax liability. Factors to Consider if a Sale of a Business Has OccurredA detailed examination of the transaction may be necessary in order to determine whether or not a business has or will be sold. It must be determined what the parties to the transaction intended to buy and sell. A business may have been sold even if only a few assets were transferred. Depending on the type of business involved, a business may be sold if an owner sells:
Statute of LimitationsThe 4-year statute of limitations for enforcing a successor liability begins the later of:
MergersA law dictionary defines a merger as follows: In the case of a merger, all assets, credits and liabilities, including any amounts owed the state, transfer from the 'swallowed up' entity to the surviving entity. Thus, a surviving entity could incur a successor liability unless it had obtained a certificate from the comptroller or had paid off any amounts due the state prior to the merger. Auditors should be aware that any tax credits due to the 'swallowed up' entity would transfer to the surviving entity. This issue may be encountered in audits where the taxpayer is requesting a tax refund. Auditors must verify, by examining the necessary legal documentation, that there truly was a merger of two or more entities rather than one entity buying another. If there was not a merger, then each entity stands alone regarding any tax credits due. Burden of ProofNumerous comptroller administrative hearings decisions cite that Section 111.020 (Tax Collection on Termination of Business) 'is an imposition statute and must be strictly construed against the state.' The tax division has the burden of establishing a prima facie case that an entity legitimately owes a successor liability. Sufficient evidence must be presented before a successor liability may be assessed. However, once the tax division has established a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the taxpayer, 'by a preponderance of the evidence', that the assessment is not correct. Penalty and InterestIf the purchaser of a business fails to pay the assessment of successor liability in a timely fashion or fails to request a hearing on the matter within a timely manner, a penalty of 10% will be assessed in addition to any amounts of penalty previously assessed against the seller of the business. In addition, a successor purchaser cannot challenge the validity of the liability of the predecessor seller. TOC | Preface | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Appendix | Glossary | Timelines (Revised 10/2021) |