Which of the following are elements in the writing phase of the three-step writing process?

TM 3 PLANNING BUSINESS MESSAGES1) Which one of the following is an element of the completing phase of the three-stepwriting process?A) organizing the informationB) interpreting the researchC) proofreading the messageD) selecting the right mediumAnswer :CExplanation: C) The completing step includes the following elements: revisingthe message, producing the message, proofreading the message, anddistributing the message.

2) Which of the following are elements in the writing phase of the three-step writingprocess?

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3) The goal of the three-step writing process is to help a writer develop messages that are

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What could Ms. Lin do to help her students learn to write persuasive essays?

• Planning
• Organizing
• Writing
• Editing and revising

Planning

Planning refers to the use of a deliberate and organized approach to tackling a writing task and includes a writer’s first thoughts or basic ideas about the topic. Students who struggle with writing generally do not plan ahead; rather, they compose their text as they write. During the planning process, students should ask themselves who their readers will be and what the essay’s purpose is. Planning ahead helps students to form more complete thoughts and to produce more cohesive essays.

Organizing

• Elaborate on the ideas that were generated for them during the planning process
• Determine what information, if any, is still needed in order to fill in the gaps
• Gather that information
• Arrange their ideas so that they flow together and make sense

Writing

In the initial writing stage, students will produce a rough draft incorporating the ideas that were generated during the planning stage and subsequently arranged in the organization stage. This initial writing phase requires students to coordinate ongoing cognitive demands, such as:

• Combining planned ideas with new thoughts
• Remembering the purpose of the paper
• Using appropriate grammar rules
• Considering the intended audience

Editing and Revising

Tip

Instruct students to write their drafts on colored paper to help them remember that this is not a final product.

Though the editing and revising stages are usually thought of as one step, they are, in fact, two interlinked steps. It is important for students to distinguish between the editing and revising steps in the writing process. For example, students need to learn that writing is a process that requires them to apply editing marks as they revise their essays. The revising stage, however, may also require changes in content or organization.

Editing

During the editing stages of the writing process, students will:

• Check their grammar
• Check their spelling
• Check their punctuation
• Ask whether their ideas are clear
• Ask whether their purpose has been met

Other than teacher-editing, there are two ways editing can occur: self-editing and peer-editing.

Self-editing: When a student edits his or her own paper, he or she should read it aloud and listen to its flow and choice of words. He or she should also listen to hear whether any words have been left out. Keep in mind that it may be difficult for some students to identify flaws during the self-editing process.

Peer-editing: By contrast, when a peer edits a paper, he or she may be able to more easily point out areas that are difficult to understand. Collaboration with a peer allows a student to gain additional insight through examining his or her own peer-edited paper, editing the peer’s paper, and sharing ideas and opinions.

The bulletin board below displays example statements that students can be taught to use when they edit a peer’s paper.

Adapted from S. Graham (personal communication, September 20, 2006)

A bulletin board holds two papers. One is a transcript entitled “Peer Editor.” The other is a transcript entitled “Writer.”

Peer Editor:

• Tell your partner what you like most about his or her paper.
• Tell your partner another thing that you liked.
• Tell your partner a third thing that you liked about the paper.
• If you did not understand some part of the paper, ask your partner what he or she was trying to do.
• Your suggestions should be specific.

Writer:

• Listen carefully to what your partner has to say.
• Don’t interrupt your partner as he or she speaks.
• Remember, your partner is trying to help you make your paper better.
• Only use the suggestions that you think will be most helpful.
• Be sure to say “thanks” for his or her help.

Revising

As was discussed above, it is important for students to distinguish between the editing and revising stages. Revising allows the writer to consider the content, quality, and clarity of his or her composition. When students revise their work, they should look at the editing suggestions made by their teachers and peers, and that they themselves arrived at during self-editing, to determine how the edits and comments can help to improve their papers. For example, they might:

• Utilize comments and suggestions
• Rearrange the order of the text
• Make corrections
• Expand ideas
• Rewrite their papers

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