Health promotion and disease prevention programs focus on keeping people healthy. Health promotion programs aim to engage and empower individuals and communities to choose healthy behaviors, and make changes that reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and other morbidities. Defined by the World Health Organization, health promotion: Show
“enables people to increase control over their own health. It covers a wide range of social and environmental interventions that are designed to benefit and protect individual people’s health and quality of life by addressing and preventing the root causes of ill health, not just focusing on treatment and cure.” Disease prevention differs from health promotion because it focuses on specific efforts aimed at reducing the development and severity of chronic diseases and other morbidities. Wellness is related to health promotion and disease prevention. Wellness is described as the attitudes and active decisions made by an individual that contribute to positive health behaviors and outcomes. Health promotion and disease prevention programs often address social determinants of health, which influence modifiable risk behaviors. Social determinants of health are the economic, social, cultural, and political conditions in which people are born, grow, and live that affect health status. Modifiable risk behaviors include, for example, tobacco use, poor eating habits, and lack of physical activity, which contribute to the development of chronic disease. Typical activities for health promotion, disease prevention, and wellness programs include:
Health promotion and disease prevention program models are provided in Module 2. Resources to Learn More
Chronic Disease in Rural America Topic Guide National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion National Prevention Strategy: America's Plan for Better Health and Wellness The Power of Prevention: Chronic Disease...the Public Health Challenge of the 21st
Century Nola J. Pender (1941– present) is a nursing theorist who developed the Health Promotion Model in 1982. She is also an author and a professor emeritus of nursing at the University of Michigan. She started studying health-promoting behavior in the mid-1970s and first published the Health Promotion Model in 1982. Her Health Promotion Model indicates preventative health measures and describes nurses’ critical function in helping patients prevent illness by self-care and bold alternatives. Pender has been named a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing. Biography of Nola J. Pender
 Early LifeOn August 16, 1941, Nola Pender was born in Lansing, Michigan, to parents who advocated education for women. Her first encounter with the nursing profession was when she was 7 years old and witnessed the care given to her hospitalized aunt by nurses. This situation led her to the desire to care for other people, and her goal was to help people care for themselves. EducationWith her parents’ support, Nola Pender entered the School of Nursing at West Suburban Hospital in Oak Park, Illinois, and received her nursing diploma in 1962. In 1965, she received her master’s degree in human growth and development from the same university. She moved to Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, to obtain a Ph.D. in psychology and education in 1969. Pender’s dissertation research investigated developmental changes in the encoding process of short-term memory in children. Years later, she finished masters-level work in community health nursing at Rush University. Career and AppointmentsIn 1962, Nola Pender began working on a medical-surgical unit and subsequently in a pediatric unit in a Michigan hospital. For 40 years at Michigan State University, she trained students at undergraduate and graduate levels and mentored many postdoctoral candidates. Pender directed many studies of her Health Promotion Model with adolescents and adults, making her more active in nursing research. Pender and her research unit developed the program Girls on the Move, which studies and measures intervention results as it applies to use the model to encourage young people to perform active lifestyles. Pender was and still supports nursing organizations where she devoted her time, service, and knowledge. She was the president of the Midwest Nursing Research Society from 1985 to 1987. Aside from being the American Academy of Nursing president from 1991 to 1993, she was also a member of Research America’s Board of Directors from 1991 to 1993 and a member of the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force from 1998 to 2002. Also, Pender was an Associate Dean for Research at the University of Michigan School of Nursing from 1990 to 2001. And as a co-founder of the Midwest Nursing Research Society, she has served as a trustee of its foundation since 2009. Pender is presently a Professor Emeritus at Michigan State University. Following her retirement as an active professor, she devotes her time as an adviser for health research nationally and internationally. She shares her knowledge and experiences to improve the nursing profession further. She also serves as Distinguished Professor of Nursing at Loyola University School of Nursing in Chicago, Illinois. WorksAs regards health promotion, Nola Pender has written and issued various articles on exercise, behavior change, and relaxation training. She also has served on editorial boards and as an editor for journals and books. Pender is also known as a scholar, presenter, and consultant in health promotion. She has collaborated with nurse scientists in Japan, Korea, Mexico, Thailand, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, England, New Zealand, And Chile. By contributing leadership as a consultant to research centers and giving scholar consultations, Pender resumes influencing nursing. She also collaborates with the American Journal of Health Promotion editor, promoting legislation to support health promotion research. Selected Publications Related to Nola Pender
Awards and Honors of Nola PenderPender has received numerous recognitions and awards that include the 1972 Distinguished Alumni Award from Michigan State University School of Nursing. In 1988, she received the Midwest Nursing Research Society’s Distinguished Contributions to Research Award. She also obtained an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1992. In 1997, the American Psychological Association awarded her the Distinguished Contributions to Nursing and Psychology Award. She was awarded the Mae Edna Doyle Teacher of the Year Award from the University of Michigan School of Nursing the following year. In 2005, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Midwest Nursing Research Society. Pender was designated a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing in 2012. The award has only been awarded to nurses who have made outstanding contributions to the profession. Pender was the president of the academy from 1991 to 1993. Have you ever noticed advertisements in malls, grocery stores, or schools that advocate healthy eating or regular exercise? Have you gone to your local centers or hospitals promoting physical activities and smoking cessation programs such as “quit” activities and “brief interventions?” These are all examples of health promotion. The Health Promotion Model, developed by nursing theorist Nola Pender, has provided healthcare a new path. According to Nola J. Pender, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention should focus on health care. When health promotion and prevention fail to anticipate predicaments and problems, care in illness becomes the subsequent priority.
What is Health Promotion Model?The Health Promotion Model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and effect have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified through nursing actions. Health-promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the endpoint in the Health Promotion Model. Health-promoting behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced functional ability, and better quality of life at all development stages. The final behavioral demand is also influenced by the immediate competing demand and preferences, which can derail intended health-promoting actions. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model theory was originally published in 1982 and later improved in 1996 and 2002. It has been used for nursing research, education, and practice. Applying this nursing theory and the body of knowledge that has been collected through observation and research, nurses are in the top profession to enable people to improve their well-being with self-care and positive health behaviors. The Health Promotion Model was designed to be a “complementary counterpart to models of health protection.” It develops to incorporate behaviors for improving health and applies across the life span. Its purpose is to help nurses know and understand the major determinants of health behaviors as a foundation for behavioral counseling to promote well-being and healthy lifestyles. Pender’s health promotion model defines health as “a positive dynamic state not merely the absence of disease.” Health promotion is directed at increasing a client’s level of well-being. It describes the multi-dimensional nature of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health. The model focuses on the following three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes. Major Concepts of the Health Promotion ModelHealth promotion is defined as behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential. It is an approach to wellness. On the other hand, health protection or illness prevention is described as behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain functioning within illness constraints. Individual characteristics and experiences (prior related behavior and personal factors). Behavior-specific cognitions and affect (perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational influences). Behavioral outcomes (commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and preferences, and health-promoting behavior). Subconcepts of the Health Promotion ModelPersonal FactorsPersonal factors are categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the target behavior’s nature being considered.
Perceived Benefits of ActionAnticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior. Perceived Barriers to ActionAnticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs of understanding a given behavior. Perceived Self-EfficacyThe judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior. Perceived self-efficacy influences perceived barriers to action, so higher efficacy results in lowered perceptions of barriers to the behavior’s performance. Activity-Related AffectSubjective positive or negative feeling occurs before, during, and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior itself. Activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater its efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate a further positive affect. Interpersonal InfluencesCognition concerning behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of others. Interpersonal influences include norms (expectations of significant others), social support (instrumental and emotional encouragement), and modeling (vicarious learning through observing others engaged in a particular behavior). Primary sources of interpersonal influences are families, peers, and healthcare providers. Situational InfluencesPersonal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context can facilitate or impede behavior. Include perceptions of options available, demand characteristics, and aesthetic features of the environment in which given health-promoting is proposed to take place. Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on health behavior. Commitment to Plan of ActionThe concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to the implementation of health behavior. Immediate Competing Demands and PreferencesCompeting demands are those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control because of environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing preferences are alternative behaviors over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack. Health-Promoting BehaviorA health-promoting behavior is an endpoint or action-outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcomes such as optimal wellbeing, personal fulfillment, and productive living. Major Assumptions in Health Promotion Model
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ConclusionDue to its focus on health promotion and disease prevention per se, its relevance to nursing actions given to ill individuals is obscure. But then again, this characteristic of her model also gives the concepts its uniqueness. Pender’s principles paved a new way of viewing nursing care, but then one should also be reminded that nursing’s curative aspect cannot be detached from our practice. Community health care setting is the best avenue in promoting health and preventing illnesses. Using Pender’s Health Promotion Model, community programs may be focused on activities that can improve people’s well-being. Health promotion and disease prevention can more easily be carried out in the community than programs that aim to cure disease conditions. To fully adhere to a health-promoting behavior, he or she needs to shell out financial resources. This limits the application of Pender’s model. An individual who economically or financially unstable might have a lesser commitment to the planning of action, decreasing the ideal outcome of a health-promoting behavior even if the individual has the necessary will to complete it. Although not stated in the model, for example, in the Intensive Care Unit, the health promotion model may still be applied in one way or another. This is projected towards improving health conditions and prevent further debilitating conditions. Diet modifications and performing passive and active range of motion exercises are examples of its application. See AlsoRelated articles for this nursing theory guide:
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Biography by: Wayne, G. Which are factors that impact how a client defined health?Health is influenced by many factors, which may generally be organized into five broad categories known as determinants of health: genetics, behavior, environmental and physical influences, medical care and social factors.
Which is the most accurate definition of health?The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as 'a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity'.
Which of the following is an accurate definition of health communication?Health communication, as defined by The Community Guide, is: “The study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health.”
What are some examples of healthy selfCommon examples of self-care include: maintaining a regular sleeping routine, eating healthy, spending time in nature, doing a hobby you enjoy, and expressing gratitude. Self-care can look different for everyone, but to count as self-care, the behavior should promote health and happiness for you.
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Which are factors that impact how a client defines health? select all that apply.
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