What is one major reason that blacks as opposed to other ethnic groups were enslaved quizlet?

-No such thing as the American Indian: Rather, there were--and are--hundreds of different tribes or nations, each with its own language, culture, home territory, and unique history. There are, of course, similarities from tribe to tribe, but there are also vast differences between, for example, the forest-dwelling tribes of Virginia, who lived in longhouses and cultivated gardens, and the nomadic Plains tribes, who relied on hunting to satisfy their needs. It's important to be aware of that diversity and to be sensitive to the variety of peoples and histories within the category of "American Indian."

-Attempts to control the persistent warfare: The most important of which occurred before independence from Great Britain. In 1763, the British Crown ruled that the various tribes were considered "sovereign nations with inalienable rights to their land" (see Lurie, 1982; McNickle, 1973; Wax, 1971).

-New federal government often ignored the policy in reality: After the American Revolution, the newborn federal government continued this policy in theory but often ignored it in reality. The principle of sovereignty is important because it established a unique relationship between the federal government and Native Americans. Because White society ignored the policy and regularly broke the treaties, Native Americans have legal claims against the federal government that are unique.

-The Indian Removal Act of 1830: A policy of forced emigration. The law required all tribes in the East to move to lands west of the Mississippi. Some tribes went without resistance, others fought, while some fled to Canada rather than move to the new territory. Regardless, the Indian Removal Act "solved" the perceived Indian problem in the East.

-The West: In the West, the grim story of competition for land accompanied by rising hostility and aggression repeated itself. Wars were fought, buffalo were killed, territory was expropriated, atrocities were committed, and the fate of the tribes became more and more certain. By 1890, the greater power and resources of White society had defeated the Indian nations. Almost all Native Americans were living on reservations controlled by agencies of the federal government; these lands weren't the traditional homelands and were hundreds or even thousands of miles from what the tribe considered to be "home."

Women were not necessarily subordinate: In many tribes, women held positions of great responsibility and controlled the wealth. For example, among the Iroquois (a large and powerful federation of tribes located in the Northeast), women controlled the land and the harvests, arranged marriages, supervised the children, and were responsible for the appointment of tribal leaders and decisions about peace and war (Oswalt & Neely, 1996, pp. 404-405).

Ways in which gender relations were affected:
1.)In some cases, the relative status and power of women rose. For example, the women of the Navajo tribe (located mainly in what is now Arizona and New Mexico) were traditionally responsible for the care of herd animals and livestock. When the Spanish introduced sheep and goats into the region, the importance of this sector of the subsistence economy increased, and the power and status of women grew along with it.
2.)In other cases, women were affected adversely. The women of the tribes of the Great Plains, for example, suffered a dramatic loss following the contact period. The gendered division of labor in these tribes meant that women were responsible for gardening while men hunted.
3.)Women in the Cherokee Nation--a large tribe whose original homelands were in the Southeast--similarly lost considerable status and power under the pressure to assimilate.

Four areas of Mexican settlement: By the early 1800s, four areas of Mexican settlement had developed, roughly corresponding with what would become Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Texas: Mexico was no military match for its neighbor to the north, and the farmland of East Texas was a tempting resource for the cotton-growing interests in the American South. Anglo-Americans began to immigrate to Texas in sizable numbers in the 1820s, and by 1835, they outnumbered Mexicans 6 to 1. When the United States annexed Texas in the 1840s, full-scale war broke out, and Mexico was defeated. Following the war, intergroup relations continued to sour, and the political and legal rights of the Tejano community were often ignored in the hunger for land.

-California: Laws were passed encouraging Anglos to settle on land traditionally held by Californios. Other laws passed in the 1850s made it increasingly difficult for Californios to retain their property and power as Anglo-Americans became the dominant group and the majority of the population. Anglo-Americans suppressed the area's Mexican heritage and eliminated it from public life and institutions such as schools and local government.

-Arizona : Most of the Mexican population were immigrants, seeking work on farms, on ranches, in the mines, and on railroads. The economic and political structures of the state quickly came under the control of the Anglo population.

-New Mexico: Only in New Mexico did Mexican Americans retain some political power and economic clout, mostly because of the relatively large size of the group and their skill in mobilizing for political activity.

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