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Research Characteristics1.Originates with a question or problem.2.Requires clear articulation of a goal.3.Follows a specific plan or procedure.4.Often divides main problem into subproblems.5.Guided by specific problem, question, orhypothesis.6.Accepts certain critical assumptions.7.Requires collection and interpretation of data.8.Cyclical (helical) in nature. Research Projects•Research begins with a problem.–This problem need not be Earth-shaking.•Identifying this problem can actually be thehardest part of research.•In general, good research projects should:–Address an important question.–Advance knowledge.
Qualities of Good Researcher•Intellectual Curiosity•Prudence•Healthy criticism•Intellectual honesty•Intellectual creativity Intellectual curiosity•A researchers undertakes deep thinking andinquiry of the things, problems and situationsaround him.•He raises questions to answer, continues toread the related literature and studies andmakes use of his experiences and exercises hiscreativeness and inventiveness.
Under a Creative Commons license Open access Highlights• Entrepreneurial resourcefulness is an essential aspect of entrepreneurship that merits further research. •Resourcefulness is a boundary-breaking behavior of creatively bringing resources to bear and deploying them to create value. •The special issue on entrepreneurial resourcefulness expand scholarship in each of the three agreas above. •There are opportunities to better understand resourcefulness as detailed in a research agenda. AbstractEntrepreneurial resourcefulness is a concept that resonates with practitioners and scholars alike from a diverse set of theoretical and empirical backgrounds. Despite the prevalence and promise of this concept, the literature on entrepreneurial resourcefulness is fragmented and lacks cohesion in how it is labeled, conceptualized, measured, and deployed. In many cases, it appears that bringing resources to bear for entrepreneurial purposes is taken for granted, which limits theoretical development of if and how ventures emerge and grow. In this editorial, we explore the theoretical underpinnings of resourcefulness, offer a definition, and provide a roadmap for future scholarship. In addition, we introduce the six articles that comprise the Special Issue on entrepreneurial resourcefulness, discuss their contributions, and explore how they relate to our overall perspective on resources and resourcefulness. It is our hope that this Special Issue will mobilize additional scholarship to enhance our knowledge on resourcefulness, which we view as a fundamental part of entrepreneurship. KeywordsEntrepreneurial resourcefulness Resources Social and psychological foundations Special issue Research agenda Cited by (0)© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1Quarter 1 - Module 3Rectifying Research MisconductSHSPractical Research 1 Quarter 1 – Module 3 – Rectifying Research Misconduct Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin Development Team of the Module Writer: Shiela Mae Bongon-Buara Editor: Jily L. Roces Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza and MASBATE CITY DIVISION (headed by Jeanette M. Romblon) Congratulations. You have unlocked some new vocabulary words. Good luck on your next task! Let’s Warm-Up Directions: Read the sentences. Put a check (√ ) on the space before the number if you think that the sentence is correct. Put a cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write your answers on your notebook. _____1. Research must observe a step-by-step process. _____2. The steps in conducting research are patterned. _____3. The student-researcher must read literature related to the problem he or she is studying. _____4. The researcher must avoid listening to another researcher to have an objective view of his or her study. _____5. A person’s opinion is acceptable and considered as an answer to the questions asked by the researcher. Mind Your Ethics Directions: Read and analyze the article below and then answer the guide questions that follow. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of paper. YOUR READINESS CHECKYOUR INITIAL TASKEthics in Qualitative Research Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research process creates tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to doing good and avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or reduced through the application of appropriate ethical principles. Thus, the protection of human subjects or participants in any research study is imperative. Violations of human rights in the name of scientific research have been among the darkest events in history. From 1932-1972 more than 400 African American people who had syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the illness. Although the Tuskegee syphilis study was sponsored by United States Public Health Service, the disclosure of the 40-year study caused public outrage (Caplan, 1992). Another example of unethical research is the experiment conducted between 1950-1952 in which more than 1,000 pregnant women were given diethylstilboestrol to prevent miscarriages. These women were subject to a double-blind study without consent. Only 20 years later, when the children of these women had high rates of cancer and other abnormalities did the participants learn they were subjects of these experiments (Capron, 1989). Guide Questions
The nature of ethical problems in qualitative research studies is subtle and different compared to problems in quantitative research. For example, potential ethical conflicts exist in regard to how a researcher gains access to a community group and the effects the researcher may have on participants. The literature provides few examples of ethical issues in qualitative health research. Punch (1994) claimed that one hardly ever hears of ethical failures in qualitative research. However, Batchelor and Briggs (1994) claimed that the failure of researchers to address ethical issues has resulted in those researchers being ill-prepared to cope with the unpredictable nature of qualitative research. Qualitative researchers focus their research on exploring, examining, and describing people and their natural environments. Embedded in qualitative research are the concepts of relationships and power between researchers and participants. The desire to participate in a research study depends upon a participant’s willingness to share his or her experience. Nurse researchers have to balance research principles as well as the well-being of clients (Ramos, 1989). Qualitative health research is focused on the experiences of people in relation to health and illness. Yet nurse researchers may find that their roles as researchers and as clinicians may be in conflict. Qualitative studies are frequently conducted in settings involving the participation of people in their everyday environments. Therefore, any research that includes people requires an awareness of the ethical issues that may be derived from such interactions. Ethics in health research includes appropriateness of the research design, the methodological design, and the funding sources, as well as behaviors in reporting data. The purpose of this paper is to show these and related ethical issues and ethical principles to be used in qualitative research. Source: Ethics in Qualitative Research by A. Orb, L. Eisenhauer, and D. Wynaden (2000)
The Research ProcessResearch is a process that requires patience and thought. There is no easy way to make certain that you have exhausted every resource and found the best research. Research is more of an art rather than a science. Below is a diagrammatic presentation of the steps taken when doing research. Define Research Problem Review the Literature Formulate the Hypothesis Design Collect Data Research Analyze Data Interpret and Report Step One: Define the Research Problem The first step in research process is to develop a research question. This can be a problem that needs to be solved or some piece of information that is missing about a particular topic. Answering this question will be the focus of the research study.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017) Step Two: Review the Literature The researchers must now learn more about the topic they are investigating. This not only provides important background information about the issue they are researching., but it also tells them what other studies have already been conducted, how they were designed, and what those studies found. In research, you often do not want to repeat old studies, but rather add something new to the field. (Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017;Cornell University Library,2016) Step Three: Formulate the Hypothesis The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in reporting the results. Step Four: Design Research The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Step Five: Collect Data The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to answer the research question. Every study includes the collection of some type of data-whether it is from the literature or from subjects –to answer the research question. (Blankenship, 2010)Depending on the plan of the research, data can be collected in the form of words on a survey , with a questionnaire, through observations, or from the literature.(Offord Centre for Child Studies, 2017; Human Kinetics, 2017) Step Six: Analyze Data Analysis of data plays an important role in the achievement of research aim and objectives. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Once the data have been collected , these must be analyzed in order to answer the original research question. Step Seven: Interpret and Report In this final part, you will have to justify why you think that research aims and objectives have been achieved. (Dudovskiy, 2016) Profread the paper you have created and report the results. There are different ways to share the results of your research, among them is by publication either in print or on the internet. Another is by sending or submitting the research report to those persons concerned or stakeholders such as policy makers, government officials, company or business executives, etc. Another way to share the results of your research is through a colloquium where the researcher presents orally the research report to an audience or to the public. Let’s see if you have learned something from that. Answer the following activities. Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity. Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole. Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies. Animal Care: Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments. Human Subjects Protection: When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy. Source: What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? U. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Misconducts (a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or reporting them. (b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. (c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion. Source: Definition of Research Misconduct The Office of Research Integrity, U. Department of Health & Human Services The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R. 8293 contains provisions regarding published works and copyright ownership. The term “published works” means works which, with the consent of the authors, are made available to the public in such a way that these works can be sourced from a place and time individually chosen by them. Task 1: Check-Up Directions: Put an “X” on the space before each statement that describes plagiarism. Write your answers on a ½ sheet of paper. __________1. Alex puts his name on a quotation of Dan Brown. __________2. The author is Mulroney, Dermot but the reference of JC is Mulroney, Demot. __________3. After reading a selection, Ally correctly wrote the contents of the selection and cited the author. __________4. In Jenny’s project, she carefully expressed the ideas of the author and wrote the author’s name. __________5. Because of lack of time, Pauline omitted some of the important details from a source in her thesis. Task 2: 7 Steps Directions: Identify the stage/step in the research process of the given scenario. Choose your answers below. Write your answers on a 1/2 sheet of paper. A. Step One: Define the Problem B. Step Two: Review Literature C. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis D. Step Four: Design Research E. Step Five: Collect Data F. Step Six: Analyze Data G. Step Seven: Interpret and Report Data Scenario 1: Jessie distributed questionnaires to Grade 7 students who have been bullied and at risk of dropping out. Scenario 2: Bella shared her research findings to the Supreme Student Council so that they can help to address the problem. Scenario 3: Don was a victim of body shaming so he personally chose body shaming as his research topic. Scenario 4: Kristine visited the municipal library to look for previous studies about the research she’s working on. Scenario 5: Cris decided to make a case study because he wanted to know the experiences of typhoon Tisoy survivors and how they recover from the physical devastation and haunting memories brought about by the typhoon. Scenario 6: Val summarizes the data he collected. He interpreted the data and looked for patterns, relationships and trends among the data. Scenario 7: Rose has already her research title. She’s now making prediction of the outcome of her study. YOUR DISCOVERY TASKSIf you would like to know more about the characteristics, processes and ethics of research, you may visit the links below: powtoon/youtube/ libguides.library.cityu.edu youtube/watch?v=jD-YCDE_5yw ethicsguidebook.ac/EthicsPrinciples The characteristics of research are empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical and replicabilty. The research process is composed of seven steps: Define the Problem Review Literature Formulate Hypothesis Design Research Collect Data Analyze Data Interpret and Report Data Ethics in research promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility; helps ensure researcher’s accountability; and builds public support for the study. Participants in research have the right to voluntary participation, informed consent, freedom from risk of harm, confidentiality and anonymity. Plagiarism is the claiming of other works as one’s own work. The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or R. 8293 contains provisions regarding published works and copyright ownership. library.sacredheart up-za.libguides LET’S SUM IT UPTask 1: Fact Check Directions: Identify what characteristic of research is being described in each item. Write the letter opposite each number. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of paper. ________1. Research requires expertise and competence. ________2. Research is based upon observable experience. ________3. Research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning. ________4. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem. ________5. Research procedures are repeated to arrive at a definite result. ________6. Research attempts to find objective, unbiased solution to the problem. ________7. Research employs carefully designed procedures and rigorous analysis. Reasons for Committing ResearchMisconductWays on How to Prevent ItTask 2: Can You Help? Directions : List down reasons that drive people to commit research misconduct. Opposite the reason suggest ways on how to prevent it. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of paper. YOUR FINAL TASKSA. Empirical C. Cyclical E. Critical G. Replicability B. Logical D. Analytical F. Methodical References Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal, M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school. Quezon City, Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc. Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M. (2017). Practical research 1: Basics of qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks. Matira, M. D.(2016). Practical research for the 21st century learners. Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc. Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., & Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical research 1. Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Merriam-Webster.(n.). Bias Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from merriam-webster/dictionary/bias Merriam-Webster.(n.). strategy Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, frommerriam-webster/dictionary/strategy Merriam-Webster.(n.). Blueprint Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from merriam-webster/dictionary/blueprint Merriam-Webster.(n.). Fabricate Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from merriam-webster/dictionary/fabricate Merriam-Webster.(n.). Imperative Merriam-Webster dictionary. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from merriam-webster/dictionary/imperative Answer KeyVocabulary Builder Your Final TasksTask 1: Fact CheckWe’re Match 1. E2. A1. a 3. B2. d 4. C3. c 5. G4. b 6. F5. eYour Readiness Check Task 2: Can You Help?(Answers may vary.)Let’s Warm-Up1. √ Your Reflection/s2. √3. √ Exit Slips4. X (Answers may vary.)5. √Your Initial TaskMind Your Ethics (Answers may vary) Your Discovery TasksTask 1: Check-Up 1. X 2. 3. 4. 5. X Task 2: 7 Steps Scenario 1: E Scenario 2: G Scenario 3: A Scenario 4: B Scenario 5: D Scenario 6: F Scenario 7: C Task 3: Correct Me if I’m Wrong (Answers may vary.) What is a resourceful investigator always creates new researchers?Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches.
What is the characteristics of the researcher that talks about being productive and resourceful investigator who creates new researchers?Intellectual Creativity – A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches.
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What is a productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches?
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