journal article Realism and the End of the Cold WarInternational Security Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter, 1994-1995) , pp. 91-129 (39 pages) Published By: The MIT Press https://doi.org/10.2307/2539080 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539080 Read and download Log in through your school or library Alternate access options For independent researchers Read Online Read 100 articles/month free Subscribe to JPASS Unlimited reading + 10 downloads Purchase article $19.00 - Download now and later With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Get StartedAlready have an account? Log in Monthly Plan
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Journal Information International Security publishes lucid, well-documented essays on all aspects of the control and use of force, from all political viewpoints. Its articles cover contemporary policy issues, and probe historical and theoretical questions behind them. Essays in International Security have defined the debate on American national security policy and have set the agenda for scholarship on international security affairs. Readers of International Security discover new developments in: the causes and prevention of war ethnic conflict and peacekeeping post-Cold War security problems European, Asian, and regional security nuclear forces and strategy arms control and weapons proliferation post-Soviet security issues diplomatic and military history Publisher Information Among the largest university presses in the world, The MIT Press publishes over 200 new books each year along with 30 journals in the arts and humanities, economics, international affairs, history, political science, science and technology along with other disciplines. We were among the first university presses to offer titles electronically and we continue to adopt technologies that allow us to better support the scholarly mission and disseminate our content widely. The Press's enthusiasm for innovation is reflected in our continuing exploration of this frontier. Since the late 1960s, we have experimented with generation after generation of electronic publishing tools. Through our commitment to new products—whether digital journals or entirely new forms of communication—we have continued to look for the most efficient and effective means to serve our readership. Our readers have come to expect excellence from our products, and they can count on us to maintain a commitment to producing rigorous and innovative information products in whatever forms the future of publishing may bring. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. 1. The passage above was most likely a response to “I want to speak to you first tonight about a subject even more serious than energy or inflation. I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy. I do not mean our political and civil liberties. They will endure. And I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose of our nation. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and political fabric of America.” President Jimmy Carter, televised address to the nation, July 1979 President Jimmy Carter, "Energy and National Goals," Address to the Nation, July 15, 1979. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. 1. The passage above was most likely a response to a. growing debates over national identity. b. declining public trust in the government. c. continued Cold War fears. d. ongoing debates about the protections of civil liberties. 2. Which future political trend does the passage above most clearly foreshadow? a. U.S. efforts to redefine its global role in a post-Cold War world b. Attempts by liberals to use federal power to alleviate social ills c. The rise of a new political and cultural conservatism d. New U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions 1981 3. The effects depicted in the political cartoon above can best be ascribed to a. the domestic impact of the world economy. b. a large U.S. military buildup. c. the creation of a multilateral economic framework. d. the effects of economic deregulation. 4. Who would most likely agree with the point of view expressed in the above political cartoon? a. A liberal b. A fundamentalist c. A neoconservative d. An immigrant 5. The above cartoon is consistent with all of the following 1980s political trends except the a. continued growth of the size of the federal government. b. political victories conservatives achieved at the federal level. c. creation of a national energy policy. d. inability of Republicans to significantly cut popular spending programs. c. Technological innovation d. Liberalism “This convention has shown to all America a party united, with positive programs for solving the nation's problems; a party ready to build a new consensus with all those across the land who share a community of values embodied in these words: family, work, neighborhood, peace and freedom....Never before in our history have Americans been called upon to face three grave threats to our very existence, any one of which could destroy us. We face a disintegrating economy, a weakened defense, and an energy policy based on the sharing of scarcity.…I pledge to restore to the federal government the capacity to do the people’s work without dominating their lives…a government that will not only work well but wisely, its ability to act tempered by prudence…” Ronald Reagan, Acceptance Speech, Republican National Convention, Detroit, Michigan, July 17, 1980. 6. Which of the following is most consistent with the sentiments articulated in the above speech? a. Social conservatism b. Environmentalism c. Technological innovation d. Liberalism 7. Which of the following most clearly hindered Reagan’s success in achieving the goals he outlined in the excerpt above? a. Divisive debates over free-trade policies b. A loss of support from evangelical Christians c. The enduring popularity of many social programs d. Geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Creation of Independent States, 1989–1991 Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 791. Reprinted by permission. 8. The map above best supports which of the following contentions about the end of the Cold War? a. It created new political and military challenges for the United States. b. It undermined the process of economic globalization. c. It prompted the United States to embark on a policy of isolationism. d. It stoked widespread public support for enlarging the U.S. nuclear arsenal. 9. One result of the changes depicted in the map above was a. decreased U.S. dependence on fossil fuels. b. increased international concern about climate change. c. the formation of new diplomatic relationships abroad. d. growing debate over the benefits of free-trade policies. “The Cold War is now behind us. Let us not wrangle over who won it “The Cold War is now behind us. Let us not wrangle over who won it. It is in the common interest of our two countries and nations not to fight this trend toward cooperation but rather to promote it.” Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, 1990 Mikhail S. Gorbechev, “Address at Stanford University,” New York Times, 1990. 10. Which U.S. foreign policy was most consistent with the goal articulated in the statement above? a. Isolationism in the 1920s and 1930s b. The containment of communism in the 1950s c. Détente in the 1970s d. Increased defense spending in the 1980s 11. Early in his presidency, Ronald Reagan’s relationship with the Soviets was a. marked by bellicose rhetoric. b. generally friendly. c. based on isolationism. d. fueled by a desire for territorial expansion. “Globalization, as we are experiencing it, is in many respects not only new, but revolutionary.…It is wrong to think of globalization as just concerning the big systems, like the world financial order.…Globalization not only pulls upwards, it pushes downwards, creating new pressures for local autonomy.…Globalization, some argue, creates a world of winners and losers, a few on the fast track to prosperity, the majority condemned to a life of misery and despair.…Is globalization a force promoting the general good? The question can’t be answered in a simple way, given the complexity of the situation.…But globalization is becoming increasingly decentered—not under the control of any group of nations, and still less of the large corporations.…As the changes I have described…gather weight, they are creating something that never existed before, a global cosmopolitan society.” Anthony Giddens, BBC Reith Lectures, 1999 Anthony Giddens, Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping our Lives (New York: Routledge, 2003). 12. Since 2000, which of the following economic phenomena is most consistent with the argument in the passage above? a. Real-wage increases for most American workers b. A widespread public sense of economic optimism c. A decoupling of the U.S. economy from the global economic system d. Economic instability and major policy challenges 13. Which post-1985 economic pattern is most clearly a result of the changes described in the excerpt above? a. The creation of a stable global economy b. Growing economic equality in American society c. The decline in union membership d. The resurgence in U.S. manufacturing jobs 14. As a result of the processes described in the excerpt above, which of the following developments has presented the greatest challenge to U.S. policies? a. The revival of Cold War tensions b. Deep cuts to domestic social programs c. The emergence of new social behaviors and networks d. Continued U.S. dependence on fossil fuels 15. Since 1990, which of the following is most consistent with the arguments from the quote above? a. Debates over impacts of free-trade agreements b. Calls to reform the U.S. financial system c. Social disruptions caused by labor strikes d. The consolidation of large corporations National Debt Chart 16. Between 1980 and 1995, which of the following LEAST contributed to the trend evidenced in the image above? a. The deregulation of many U.S. industries b. Federal tax cuts championed by conservatives c. A large increase in spending for social safety net programs d. A large increase in defense spending 17. Since 1995, what has contributed most to the trend illustrated above? a. The deregulation of many industries b. The end of the Cold War c. Free-trade agreements d. The size and scope of the social safety net 1985 18. The image above was most directly a response to a. the deregulation of many industries. b. the spread of computer technology. c. the lack of public trust in government. d. conservatives defending traditional social values. 19. The concerns that led to the creation of the label above are most consistent with the ideology of which early 20th-century group? a. Nativists b. Progressive reformers c. Christian fundamentalists d. Laissez-faire capitalists “[T]he various strands of feminist activism [in the 1960s and 1970s] led to improvements in many women’s economic and political equality and changed the consciousness of millions who …challenged conventional notions about women’s role in the home, family, and workplace. It might seem that feminism caused the deep economic and social changes in American women’s lives, but it is more accurate to say that it resulted from them. Feminism gave millions of women a framework for interpreting their lives and served as a catalyst for mobilizing women for social and political change. Above all…the modern feminist revival marked a tremendous increase in women’s determination to take an active, conscious role in the shaping of American society.” Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes: An American History with Documents, Third Edition (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012), 708. 20. Which of the following movements from the first half of the 19th century most clearly foreshadowed modern feminism as described in the passage above? a. Efforts by mothers to instill republican values in their children b. The larger number of women working for low wages in factories c. The increased separation between home and the workplace d. The role of women in the abolitionist and temperance movements 21. Which of the following best characterizes the impact of demographic and cultural shifts on the status of women in the late 20th and early 21st century? a. The participation of women in moral reform efforts b. Ongoing debates about gender roles and family structures c. The growing political influence of women resulting from “republican motherhood” d. The emergence of women’s clubs and self-help groups “Our nation will continue to be steadfast, and patient and persistent in the pursuit of two great objectives. First, we will shut down terrorist camps, disrupt terrorist plans and bring terrorists to justice. And second, we must prevent the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world….Our second goal is to prevent regimes that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends and allies with weapons of mass destruction….States like these [North Korea, Iran, and Iraq], and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger….And all nations should know: America will do what is necessary to ensure our nation's security.” President George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 2002 22. The passage above was most likely a response to a. a renewal of Cold War tensions with Russia. b. fears of a resumption of the Korean War. c. the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center. d. the continued U.S. dependence on fossil fuels from the Middle East. 23. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above most directly contributed to which of the following? a. A national sense that the Cold War was finally over b. U.S. peacekeeping missions in Latin America, Asia and Africa c. Debates about the merits of a “military–industrial complex” d. The U.S.-led invasion of Iraq 24. The actions that resulted from the sentiments expressed in the excerpt above best exemplify which concept? a. Containment b. Imperialism c. Preemptive war d. Globalization 25. Which of the following groups would most likely have supported the point of view expressed in the above passage? a. Pro-British loyalists during the Revolutionary War b. Western, pro-war expansionists during the War of 1812 c. Anti-war opponents during the Mexican-American War d. Anti-imperialists during the Spanish-American War 26. The argument put forth in the excerpt above can best be described as an example of which foreign policy approach? a. Isolationism b. Unilateralism c. Mercantilism d. Multilateralism South Florida Sun Sentinel ©Tribune Content Agency, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted with permission. 27. Which post-World War II conflict is the proper context for the editorial cartoon above? a. The Korean War b. The Vietnam War c. The Cold War d. The war on terror 28. The cartoon above is a response to which underlying issue? a. U.S. dependence on oil from the Middle East b. Controversy over the U.S. attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq c. The protection of civil liberties and human rights d. Debates regarding how to preserve the racial identity of the United States 29. Which historical episode most closely parallels the situation illustrated in the cartoon above? a. The often violent nativist reaction to international migrants in the antebellum era b. The fear resulting in the post-World War I Red Scare c. Federal policies toward Mexican migrants in the 1930s and 1940s d. The embrace of the counterculture movement by many young Americans in the 1960s Maps depicting U.S. involvement in the Caribbean during the 20th century. Henretta et al., America’s History, 7th Edition, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 665. 30. The two maps shown above would be most useful to historians analyzing a. debates over the proper use of American power. b. changes in America’s immigration policy. c. the impact of the war on terror on U.S. foreign policy. d. arguments over the proper size of America’s armed forces. 31. The maps above best illustrate which of the following continuities in U.S. foreign policy? a. Non-involvement in European affairs b. Promoting an international order while maintaining U.S. isolationism c. The pursuit of natural resources, new markets, and containment of communism d. An enduring focus on preventing terrorism b. decreased regulations on industries such as oil production. “Question: Can this country develop energy resources off its coasts without endangering fish and wildlife? Answer: The marine scientists and the biologists tell us definitely we can. The history of the environmental protection from drilling in the outer continental shelf has been remarkably good. We have had only two spills of more than 1,000 barrels since 1970. Of course, a Mexican offshore well went out of control in 1979…but I am advised that a huge spill would not have happened under drilling procedures and environmental safeguards observed in U.S. waters.” Interview of Interior Secretary James Watt, U.S. News and World Report, 1981 32. The question above was most likely in response to conservatives’ call for a. a lessening of the impact of economic consumption on the environment. b. decreased regulations on industries such as oil production. c. increased U.S. dependence on fossil fuels. d. increased funding for a national energy plan. 33. Which of the following groups would most likely have agreed with sentiments in the passage above? a. Industrialists in the late 1800s b. Progressives in the early 1900s c. New Deal supporters in the 1930s d. Environmentalists in the 1960s 1. The resurgence of political conservatism in the 1980s and 1990s emboldened conservatives in their efforts to reshape American society. a. Briefly explain ONE economic goal that conservatives were able to achieve during the 1980s or 1990s. b. Briefly explain ONE social goal that conservatives were able to achieve during the 1980s or 1990s. c. Provide at least ONE specific piece of additional evidence to demonstrate how conservatives were able to implement the economic or social goal that you discussed in Part A or Part B. “One night during Christmas holidays of 1976, I decided to watch television with my family.… Not far into the program was a scene of adultery. I reacted to the situation in the manner as I had been taught. I asked one of the children to change the channels. Getting involved in the second program, we were shocked with some crude profanity.…As I sat in my den that night, I became angry. I had been disturbed by the deterioration of the morals I had witnessed in the media and society during the previous twenty-five years. This was accompanied by a dramatic rise in crime, a proliferation of pornography, increasingly explicit sexual lyrics in music, increasing numbers of broken homes, a rise in drug and alcohol use among the youth and other various negative factors. Realizing that these changes were being brought into the sanctity of my home, I decided I could and would no longer remain silent.” Donald E. Wilson, Christian minister and grassroots religious activist, 1985 Donald E. Wildmon, The Home Invaders (Elgin, IL: Victor Books, 1985), 3–7. “It seems to me that the Moral Majority’s biblically inspired political agenda involves a very selective, very partial, and therefore very distorted use of the Bible. They have isolated a set of concerns that they say get to the heart of what is wrong with America—homosexuality, abortion, and pornography. These are the things that are wrong and that are destroying our nation. What we need to do, what we need to be for, basically for prayer in public schools, and for more bombs. Jesus wants our kids to pray and he wants the Pentagon to be able to kill more people if necessary.…The notion that they represent what the Hebrew and Christian scriptures offer us as the key for understanding what is wrong with the world today, is one that strikes me as grotesque.” Robert McAfee Brown, The Need for a Moral Minority, 1982 Robert McAfee Brown, “The Need for a Moral Minority,” in Herbert Vetter, ed., Speak Out Against the New Right (Boston: Beacon Press, 1982). 2. Based on the above readings, complete the following three tasks: a. Briefly explain ONE political or constitutional tactic that supporters of the point of view espoused in Passage 1 employed to neutralize the threat(s) they outlined. b. Briefly explain ONE political or constitutional tactic that supporters of the point of view espoused in Passage 2 employed to neutralize the threat(s) they outlined. c. Provide ONE specific piece of additional evidence that supports the tactic you discussed in either Part A or Part B. 3. Consider Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy toward the Soviets as it evolved during his two terms as president. a. Describe Reagan’s foreign policy approach toward the Soviets during his first term in office. b. Briefly explain how Reagan’s foreign policy toward the Soviets shifted during his second term in office. c. Provide ONE piece of additional evidence that would support the point you made in either Part A or Part B and briefly explain how that evidence supports your point. Henretta et al., America’s History, 7th Ed., Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 987. 4. Use the graph above and your understanding of United States history to complete the following three tasks: a. Briefly explain how immigration patterns to the United States changed between 1920 and 2000. b. Provide ONE specific example of how post-1980 immigration patterns contributed to the demographic shifts in American society. c. Provide ONE specific example of how post-1980 immigration patterns impacted American political discourse. |
The map above best supports which of the following contentions about the end of the Cold War
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