Show
Figure 1 The Forgetting Curve Practice, both massed and distributed over time, also affects relearning forgotten material. Ebbinghaus also found that the more an individual rehearses a list of syllables, the better the syllables are recalled. (And as would be expected, given the primacy and recency effects, syllables near the beginning or end of a list are recalled best.) When graphed, the effect of practice results in a U‐shaped curve. Measures of retention. Memories may be retrieved in three ways.
Reasons for forgetting
Eyewitness testimony. Eyewitness testimony is the courtroom recall of a real‐life situation. Studies have shown that eyewitnesses sometimes recall events incorrectly or identify the wrong people. In addition, memories may be embellished after the fact, particularly if a person has a stake in the outcome, but although the memories seemingly improve with time, they may be less rather than more accurate. The reliability of such embellished memories is controversial as is the use of hypnosis to improve memory retrieval. The Fallibility of MemoryMemories can be encoded poorly or fade with time; the storage and recovery process is not flawless. Learning Objectives Distinguish among the factors that make some memories unrecoverable Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Memory is not perfect. Storing a memory and retrieving it later involves both biological and psychological processes, and the relationship between the two is not fully understood. Memories are affected by how a person internalizes events through perceptions, interpretations, and emotions. This can cause a divergence between what is internalized as a memory and what actually happened in reality; it can also cause events to encode incorrectly, or not at all. TransienceThe Thinker by Auguste Rodin: Our memories are not infallible: over time, without use, memories decay and we lose the ability to retrieve them. It is easier to remember recent events than those further in the past, and the more we repeat or use information, the more likely it is to enter into long-term memory. However, without use, or with the addition of new memories, old memories can decay. "Transience" refers to the general deterioration of a specific memory over time. Transience is caused by proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive interference is when old information inhibits the ability to remember new information, such as when outdated scientific facts interfere with the ability to remember updated facts. Retroactive interference is when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information, such as when hearing recent news figures, then trying to remember earlier facts and figures. Encoding Failure Encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form able to be processed and stored in the memory. However, this process can be impacted by a number of factors, and how well information is encoded affects how well it is able to be recalled later. Memory is associative by nature; commonalities between points of
information not only reinforce old memories, but serve to ease the establishment of new ones. The way memories are encoded is personal; it depends on what information an individual considers to be relevant and useful, and how it relates to the individual's vision of reality. All of these factors impact how memories are prioritized and how accessible they will be when they are stored in long-term memory. Information that is considered less relevant or less useful will be harder to recall than
memories that are deemed valuable and important. Memories that are encoded poorly or shallowly may not be recoverable at all. Types of ForgettingThere are many ways in which a memory might fail to be retrieved, or be forgotten. Learning Objectives Differentiate among the different processes involved in forgetting Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Memory is not static. How you remember an event depends on a large number of variables, including everything from how much sleep you got the night
before to how happy you were during the event. Memory is not always perfectly reliable, because it is influenced not only by the actual events it records, but also by other knowledge, experiences, expectations, interpretations, perceptions, and emotions. And memories are not necessarily permanent: they can disappear over time. This process is called forgetting. But why do we forget? The answer is currently unknown. Trace Decay TheoryThe trace decay theory of forgetting states that all memories fade automatically as a function of time. Under this theory, you need to follow a certain pathway, or trace, to recall a memory. If this pathway goes unused for some amount of time, the memory decays, which leads to difficulty recalling, or the inability to recall, the memory. Rehearsal, or mentally going over a memory, can slow this process. But disuse of a trace will lead to memory decay, which will ultimately cause retrieval failure. This process begins almost immediately if the information is not used: for example, sometimes we forget a person's name even though we have just met them.  Memory over time: Over time, a memory becomes harder to remember. A memory is most easily recalled when it is brand new, and without rehearsal, begins to be forgotten. Interference TheoryIt is easier to remember recent events than those further in the past. " Transience " refers to the general deterioration of a specific memory over time. Under interference theory, transience occurs because all memories interfere with the ability to recall other memories. Proactive and retroactive interference can impact how well we are able to recall a memory, and sometimes cause us to forget things permanently. Memory interference: Both old and new memories can impact how well we are able to recall a memory. This is known as proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive InterferenceProactive interference occurs when old memories hinder the ability to make new memories. In this type of interference, old information inhibits the ability to remember new information, such as when outdated scientific facts interfere with the ability to remember updated facts. This often occurs when memories are learned in similar contexts, or regarding similar things. It's when we have preconceived notions about situations and events, and apply them to current situations and events. An example would be growing up being taught that Pluto is a planet in our solar system, then being told as an adult that Pluto is no longer considered a planet. Having such a strong memory would negatively impact the recall of the new information, and when asked how many planets there are, someone who grew up thinking of Pluto as a planet might say nine instead of eight. Retroactive InterferenceRetroactive interference occurs when old memories are changed by new ones, sometimes so much that the original memory is forgotten. This is when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information. The ability to recall previously learned information is greatly reduced if that information is not utilized, and there is substantial new information being presented. This often occurs when hearing recent news figures, then trying to remember earlier facts and figures. An example of this would be learning a new way to make a paper airplane, and then being unable to remember the way you used to make them. Cue-Dependent Forgetting When we store a memory, we not only record all sensory data, we also store our mood and emotional state. Our current mood thus will affect the memories that are most effortlessly available to us, such that when we are in a good mood, we recollect good memories, and when we are in a bad mood, we recollect bad ones. This suggests that we are sometimes cued to remember certain things by, for example, our emotional state or our environment.
Other Types of ForgettingTrace decay, interference, and lack of cues are not the only ways that memories can fail to be retrieved. Memory's complex interactions with sensation, perception, and attention sometimes render certain memories irretrievable. AbsentmindednessIf you've ever put down your keys when you entered your house and then couldn't find them later, you have experienced absentmindedness. Attention and memory are closely related, and absentmindedness involves problems at the point where attention and memory interface. Common errors of this type include misplacing objects or forgetting appointments. Absentmindedness occurs because at the time of encoding, sufficient attention was not paid to what would later need to be recalled. Blocking Occasionally, a person will experience a specific type of
retrieval failure called blocking. Blocking is when the brain tries to retrieve or encode information, but another memory interferes with it. Blocking is a primary cause of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. This is the failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent. People who experience this can often recall one or more features of the target word, such as the first letter, words that sound similar, or words that have a similar
meaning. Sometimes a hint can help them remember: another example of cued memory. AmnesiaAmnesia, the inability to recall certain memories, often results from damage to any of a number of regions in the temporal lobe and hippocampus. Learning Objectives Differentiate among the different types of amnesia and memory loss Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
"Amnesia" is a general term for the inability to recall certain memories, or in some cases, the inability t0 form new memories. Some types of amnesia are due to neurological trauma; but in other cases, the term "amnesia" is just used to describe normal memory loss, such as not remembering childhood memories. Amnesia from Brain DamageAmnesia typically occurs when there is damage to a variety of regions of the temporal lobe or the hippocampus, causing the inability to recall memories before, or after, an (often traumatic) event. There are two main forms of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Amnesia: There are two main forms of amnesia: retrograde and anterograde. Retrograde prevents recall of information encoded before a brain injury, and anterograde prevents recall of information encountered after a brain injury. Retrograde Amnesia Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories made before the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain other than the hippocampus (which is involved with the encoding process of new memories). Brain
damage causing retrograde amnesia can be as varied as a cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. Anterograde Amnesia Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after the onset of amnesia, while memories from before the event remain intact. Brain
regions related to this condition include the medial temporal lobe, medial diencephalon, and hippocampus. Anterograde amnesia can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia, or other trauma. The man
with no short-term memory: In 1985, Clive Wearing, then a well-known musicologist, contracted a herpes simplex virus that attacked his central nervous system. The virus damaged his hippocampus, the area of the brain required in the transfer of memories from short-term to long-term storage. As a result, Wearing developed a profound case of total amnesia, both retrograde and anterograde. He is completely unable to form lasting new memories—his memory only lasts for between 7 and 30
seconds— and also cannot recall aspects of his past memories, frequently believing that he has only recently awoken from a coma. Other Types of AmnesiaSome types of forgetting are not due to traumatic brain injury, but instead are the result of the changes the human brain goes through over the course of a lifetime. Childhood AmnesiaDo you remember anything from when you were six months old? How about two years old? There's a reason that nobody does. Childhood amnesia, also called infantile amnesia, is the inability of adults to retrieve memories before the age of 2–4. This is because for the first year or two of life, brain structures such as the limbic system (which holds the hippocampus and the amygdala and is vital t0 memory storage) are not yet fully developed. Research has shown that children have the capacity to remember events that happened to them from age 1 and before while they are still relatively young, but as they get older they tend to be unable to recall memories from their youngest years. Neurocognitive Disorders Neurocognitive disorders are a broad category of brain diseases typical to old age that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and recall memories, such that a person's daily functioning is affected. "Neurocognitive disorder" is synonymous with "dementia" and "senility," but these terms are no longer used in the DSM-5. For the diagnosis to be
made there must be a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging. These diseases also have a significant effect on a person's caregivers. Licenses and AttributionsCC licensed content, Shared previously
CC licensed content, Specific attribution
What are the 4 types of forgetting?The four main theories of forgetting apparent in the study of psychology are as follows:. Cue-dependent forgetting.. Organic causes.. Interference theories.. Trace decay theory.. Is the inability to retrieve some information that was previously stored?Amnesia is a dramatic form of memory loss. If you have amnesia you may be unable to recall past information (retrograde amnesia) and/or hold onto new information (anterograde amnesia). Amnesia, in the Greek language, means “forgetfulness.” However, amnesia is far more complicated and severe than everyday forgetfulness.
What is the term used to describe when information that has previously been remembered interferes with memory for new information?2. Retroactive interference (retro=backward) occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task. In other words, later learning interferes with earlier learning - where new memories disrupt old memories.
Why can't I remember things from my past?Memories do fade. The more time that's passed since an experience, the less likely you are to recall all the details. It's fairly easy to remember what you did a few hours ago. But recalling the same events a month or years later is considerably more difficult.
|
The inability to recall some or all of previously learned information is called
Urheberrechte © © 2024 de.apacode Inc.
