Study Questions from Exam 1 & Exam 2According to research, mothers provide which children with more attention, guidance, anddiscipline? Show
Get answer to your question and much more Which socializing agent bears the major responsibility for socializing the child? Get answer to your question and much more Values differ from attitudes in that values are Get answer to your question and much more The influence of the social group varies according to several factors, including which of thefollowing? Get answer to your question and much more Mason and Duberstein (1992) found that parents focused on which of the following whenchoosing child care? Get answer to your question and much more What is a Family?
There are, however, a set of functions that a typical family tend to follow. The main functions of a family include:
Having children/reproduction is the most essential task two parents can do in order to grow and extend the family. This is the only way that the human race can continue to withstand. With technological advancements today, waiting until later in life to have children is becoming increasingly popular. People are focusing on a career and life experiences before starting a family. This causes a decrease in fertility and with the advancements in technology people are still able to have a family with the aid of egg/sperm donation, in vetro, embryo transfer, surrogacy and adoption (Berks). The satisfaction of sex needs is the most basic of all primal instincts between two people. Without sex between two partners the process of producing offspring is impossible. The socialization and education of children is vastly important in keeping the world full of positive contributors to society. In the past, socialization and education were centered around working on the farm and working closely with one's own family. Today, the world is expanding and now includes socializing in one's macrosystem. Also, education used to be primarily taught at home whereas parents today rely on the government's schooling systems to teach their children an education. However, a parent shouldn't solely rely on their children learning their entire education through our schooling system. Parents should also continue their children's education at home in order to continue their own traditions, religion, morals, values, idealisms and beliefs. In order to keep a family successful and running there must be an assignment of social roles. Roles can change over time but every person in the family must be given, and complete, their assigned role. A typical wife/mother role historically includes being the homemaker. Preparing food, cleaning the house, watching over the children, doing the grocery shopping, maintaining the family's wordrobe, and caring for the animals were included in her role. Today, women have been working along side men and therefore some or all of these roles have been adopted by men. Some of these roles have even been given to outside caregivers. A husband/fathers role historically included being the breadwinner for the family. He was responsible for providing the essentials for the family which include fincanial gain and caring for the major tasks around the household or farm. Today, men have adopted more homemaker roles and are helping around the house with traditional wife/mother tasks or even becoming the homemaker entirely while the wife/mother works. Children in the past were responsible for contributing to taking care of a family's farm. Today, children are being placed in the care of nannies or daycare while both parents work. Also, today children are thought to only need care until they turn 18. Authority patterns historically included the father as being the sole provider of the family whereas the mother was the caretaker of the home and children. Today, families in America fall into egalitarian households, typically, where both father and mother hold equal responsibilities and roles. In the past, economic support landed on the husband/father's shoulders. Historically, the men of the family built their own houses for their families, tilled their own land and grew their own crops, made their own furniture and made the money. Children were a necessity in order to keep the farm running. These children took on the assistant roles to their respective same-sex parents. Today, this is not the case. More often than not, children take on roles of both parents while helping with different tasks and the necessity to have many children in order to help around the farm isn't needed since most families today do not raise their own crops and grow their own food. The nurturance and emotional support of a family is important in keeping a family stable and secure. In the past, when a child got sick it was not uncommon for the child to die. Today, with the advancement of technology more children are surviving illness and accidents. The number of children that families have today has also gone down due to the combination of not
needing so many to run the homestead as well as medical care keeping children healthy. Family transitions include the following:
Family transitions effect children greatly depending on the age of the child at the time of the transition, their personality, their own coping skills, their relationship with their parents, the child's gender, the level of disharmony prior, and the availability of other people for emotional support. When certain events happen, such as a divorce, single parenting, step-parenting, and cohabitation, there is a change in family ties. Over the last 40 years there has been an increase in the number of children living with only one parent. Over the years divorce has altered the law to accommodate a more modern approach to co-parenting. In the past divorces weren't just freely given and when they did happen the courts much preferred the mother over the father.
However, today the courts are becoming more creative in their efforts to divide all assets, children included, equally. Divorce affects the family due to the added stress and therefore reflects in the likelihood of parenting quality to go down. Becoming a single parent after a divorce is hard on the parent (due to increased financial issues, role overload, and home maintenance), but also on the child due to the less time available to spend with each parent in order to receive
love and security. To possibly prevent a divorce, some states have implemented a waiting period where couples attend therapy and mediation to try and rectify the situation before ending it. Divorce is responsible for the break up ofa family. There are many things that go into a divorce that include, the diminished values of family functions, unrealistic expectations, changes in the roles of each individual in the family, the economic state of the family shifting, and extra stress on everyone. In addition with the qualities listed under the effects of family transitions, a father's absence is possibly also added to a child's stress during a divorce. The absence of a father can effect the child greatly depending on their age, the length of the absence, the quality of the relationship between the mother and father, the availability of a male role model, and the emotional state of the mother prior and post divorce. There are also situations when the custody of a child goes to someone other than both parents. Single parent custody can occur when one parent is not present in the child's life at all, one parent dies, the child is a product of artificial insemination, and birth outside of marriage resulting in desertion. Joint parent custody is a more modern day custody agreement when the child goes back and fourth between his/her parent's homes. The shift can be a quick change (a few days on and a few days off) or a slow change (up to six months on and six months off). Kin custody is when the grandparents have custody of a child. Stepparents are also responsible for custody of a child from a past marriage or relationship. An approximate 33% of families are part of a step-family weather being a step-parent, step-child or step-sibling. A final reason why a child might be under the custody other than his/her parents is adoption. People decide to adopt for many reasons including; not being able to conceive a child, decide they want to make a foster child permanent, want to adopt a special needs child, want to raise a child alone, or simply want to add to their family without physically having a child themselves. Children of interethnic (racial) and interfaith (religious) families face entirely different stresses than families of divorce. Families who adopt a child of a different race or religious faith face the same challenges. Especially in inter-racial families, there is an obvious difference in skin color or ethnic features that a child and his/her family must deal with due to prejudice of others. The challenges of stereotyping are difficult. In order to help their children form their own identity a parent (or parents) must work to understand their background and cultural traditions. Children of interethnic families report having the same self-esteem as non-interethnic children, however, studies have shown that they tend to gravitate towards friends that physically look more like them while claiming any minority selections when it comes to applying for college. Children of unmarried parents today receive an increasing amount of support than in past generations. To be married is just a simple legal piece of paper and many couples choose to cohabitate while having a family rather than get married. Unmarried parents can give their children just as much love and support as a traditional married set of parents. There are studies that show, however, that children of unmarried parents show higher percentages of poverty, lower school performance, problems with emotions or their behavior, and higher substance abuse levels. With that being said, there are also many other factors that go into an unmarried couple's healthy development of children such as their socioeconomic status, the unmarried couples relationship with each other and their child, the child's and parent's personality, coping skills, temperament, the parenting style of the parents, and if there is any history of substance or physical abuse. One draw back in an unmarried couple's relationship is the lack of legal sanctions. Children with same-sex parents can have a variety of stressors associated with many areas of disrupted family ties similar to divorced parents, step-parents, adoption, interethnic families, joint custody between parents, unmarried parents and dual earner families. There are a lot of stereotypes that go along with having parents that are same-sex and children often have to deal with bullying. There is also a great deal of effort that same-sex parents have to put into in order to fulfill both a male and female role depending on if the couple is gay or lesbian. There is also a concern of the child having conflict in their own identity when they have same-sex parents that the parents need to address and cope with. Today, dual-earner families are
becoming increasingly more popular. Although a dual-earning family tends to put their families at an advantage financially, there can be some consequences for the children due to being brought up in childcare. There is a trend of women entering into role overload. Despite working all day, women, on average, still come home and perform a traditional woman's role in the cooking, cleaning, shopping, laundry, etc. The dual-earner family tends to have more time with dad than in past generations and
despite this, men tend to still only perform their traditional male roles in chores. A huge stressor on a dual-earning family is how to deal with a family emergency such as a sick child. This stress can lead to guilt, frustration, and anxiety. The Macrosystem  The macrosystem influences the socialization of children and include their socioeconomic status,
cultural orientation, and religious orientation. Socioeconomic status (SES) is what the United States uses as their ranking system for their society. It is primarily based on social and economic influences. Every child is born in to their ascribed status and grows into their achieved status. Weather they stay in their ascribed status depends on their socialization influences. A traditional society is one that is based on living in one's ascribed status and a modern society is based on living in the present and how to make the future better. The upper class is generally compiled of inherited wealth and expands back for multiple gerations of the family's name. The upper class is typically patriarchal or matriarchal. The way a child is raised in the upper class tends to be preperation for the continuation of the family's name. The middle class is made up of business executives and high up professionals. The people that make up this class generally earned their status by achievement. These parents tend to put a high value on working hard when raising their children. The lower class is mainly made up of semi-skilled and unskilled workers. These families tend to, like the upper class, have strong tied to the patriarchal or matriarchal family. They greatly respect their elders and have a high importance for survival. Many experience a revolving door in being a young parent, job loss, and being in debt. The underclass is comprised of those that are hopeless. These families are typically headed by females, alcoholics, drug users, illegal aliens, and the mentally ill. One's cultural orientation and diversity is also derived from the macrosystem. Through a child's development they gain learned behavior, history, language, traditions, rituals, customs, beliefs, attitudes, morals, and values. These characteristics are influenced by the elders around them. How a group develops political, social, and economic changes in their society is based on two classified groups; Gemeinschaft, which is the communal, cooperative, close, intimate, and informal interpersonal relationships people of a society have with each other, and Gesellschaft, which is the associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships one has with the people around them. On a more larger group status they can be referred to as collective and individual. Collectivism is when a society has an emphasis on interdependent relations, social responsibilities and the well-being of the whole group. Individualism is when a society has an emphasis on an individuals fulfillment and choices. Cultural orientation and socialization differences are based around norms. Norms are rules, patterns, or standards that show one's cultural background and values and show a person how they are supposed to act and/or behave. One's religious orientation and socialization differences give one more of an understanding of who they are supposed to be. When brought up with a religious orientation one is shown a way to deal with problems and how to avoid frustration. Many religions provide one with a divine ideology, coping mechanisms, a better concept of death, and help to establish their identity. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ For further reading: Divorce: http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/619 http://www.survive-divorce.com/wordpress/
Children with Same-Sex Parents: http://www.aamft.org/imis15/aamft/Content/Consumer_Updates/Same-sex_Parents_and_Their_Children.aspx Children with Working Parents: http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/families/couples.htm Children of Interracial Families: http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/02/15/276526212/love-in-technicolor-interracial-families-on-television Children of Unmarried Parents: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/wellness/story/2012-04-10/CDC-marriage-cohabitation-children/54186600/1 Which of the following is a difference between traditional and modern societies quizlet?Which of the following is a difference between traditional and modern societies? The traditional society looks to the past for ways to behave; a modern society looks to the present.
Which of the following was a finding in the research conducted by Spitz 1946?which of the following was a finding in the research conducted by Spitz(1946)? it was better for infants to be raised by their mothers than it was for infants to be raised by group care in a foundling home.
Which is an argument used against federal funding for early care and education programs quizlet?An argument used against federal funding for early care and education programs? Families should be able to care for their own without outside assistance.
Which of the following best characterizes changes in the role of fatherhood over historical time group of answer choices?Which of the following best characterizes changes in the role of fatherhood over historical time? patriarchal and extended.
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The group that values associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships is
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