All AP Psychology Resources Show In 1968, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain memory-processing. According to their proposed model, once information is recorded as sensory memory, it is processed into __________ via rehearsal. Possible Answers: Sensory input Long-term memory Working memory Encoding Short-term memory Correct answer: Short-term memory Explanation: Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain the memory forming process. This included in order: 1. Recording to-be remembered information as sensory memory. This is when external events causes a sensory input (stimulus). It's this fleeting occurrence that will be processed as a sensory memory. 2. Information is then processed into short-term memory. At this time, the information is encoded into our brains through rehearsal. 3. For future retrieval, information then moves into long-term memory. This model has been updated since Atkinson and Shiffrin's time by other psychologists to now include working memory and automatic processing. Working memory is the middle ground for processing. It may be thought to occur at the same time as short-term memory processing. At this time, information is merely actively (working) processed while short-term memory processes it to be sent to long-term memory. Automatic processing is the direct pathway by which external events are automatically processed into long-term memory. In 1968, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain memory-processing. According to their proposed model, information will ultimately be processed into __________ for later retrieval. Possible Answers: Working memory Long-term memory Sensory memory Automatic processing Short-term memory Correct answer: Long-term memory Explanation: Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed a three-phase model to explain the memory forming process. This included in order: 1. Recording to-be remembered information as sensory memory. This is when external events cause a sensory input (stimulus). It's this fleeting occurrence that will be processed as a sensory memory. 2. Information is then processed into short-term memory. At this time, the information is encoded into our brains through rehearsal. 3. For future retrieval, information then moves into long-term memory. This model has been updated since Atkinson and Shiffrin's time by other psychologists to now include working memory and automatic processing. Working memory is the middle ground for processing. It may be thought to occur at the same time as short-term memory processing. At this time, information is merely actively (working) processed while short-term memory processes it to be sent to long-term memory. Automatic processing is the direct pathway by which external events are automatically processed into long-term memory. Researchers Alan Baddeley and colleagues challenged Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage model for memory processing regarding sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Their focus was on the active "desktop" of the brain responsible for taking new input and linking it to long-term memories. This middle process is known as __________. Possible Answers: Maintenance Working memory Sensory memory Short-term memory Rehearsal Correct answer: Working memory Explanation: Baddeley and colleagues disagreed with Shiffrin and Atkinson's idea about short-term memory. Shiffrin and Atkinson viewed short-term memory to be a brief "holding" shelf for information as it is passed along to long-term memory. Baddeley and colleagues discovered this to be incorrect. Short-term memory isn't just a temporary passing stage to hold information, but it is an active desktop where information is actively processed. This middle stage is responsible for linking incoming information with previously stored information. This added to Shiffrin and Atkinson's model for memory processing by replacing/combining the short-term memory stage with working memory. Here information from sensory memory is stored and processed by maintenance and rehearsal. Eventually the information will be ready to be encoded into long-term memory. Given the following options, which is the best-described difference between declarative and non-declarative memories? Possible Answers: Declarative memories require conscious processing while non-declarative memories require automatic processing. Declarative memories are part of the dual-track memory while non-declarative memories are part of the single-track memory. Declarative memories require explicit processing while non-declarative memories require implicit processing. Declarative memories require conscious processing while non-declarative memories require effortless processing. Declarative memories require implicit processing while non-declarative memories require explicit processing.
Correct answer: Declarative memories require conscious processing while non-declarative memories require automatic processing. Explanation: Our minds operate on a two-track system; this is also known as dual-track memory. This system operates with us consciously processing information (effortful processing) while there is also information behind the scenes that is automatically processed into storage (automatic processing). Conscious processing occurs for declarative (explicit) memories. These are memories that we consciously aware of, such as facts and experiences we focus on. Automatic processing occurs for the experiences and occurrences we are not aware of. These memories are known as non-declarative, or implicit, memories. These memories skip our conscious encoding and go directly to storage. __________ records momentary images or the echo of a sound. Possible Answers: Sensory memory Sensory input Short-term memory Long-term memory Working memory Correct answer: Sensory memory Explanation: Sensory memory is the beginning to memory processing. Upon sensory stimuli (input), the information will be stored as a fleeting sensory memory, which will soon be encoded into short-term/working memory. From this middle stage, the information will be rehearsed and maintained until it is encoded into long-term memory/storage. Sensory memory is exactly what it sounds like - memory that pertains to stimuli observed by the senses. Sensory memory may be divided into echoic memory and iconic memory. Echoic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Iconic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for visual stimuli. What is the difference between echoic and iconic memory? Possible Answers: Iconic memory is active before echoic memory. Iconic memory is a momentary memory of a visual stimulus and echoic memory is a momentary memory of an auditory stimulus. Iconic memory is a momentary memory of an auditory stimulus and echoic memory is a momentary memory of a visual stimulus. Echoic memory is crucial for the working memory while iconic memory plays an important role for short-term memory. Iconic memory plays an important role in sensory memory while echoic memory is important for long-term memory. Correct answer: Iconic memory is a momentary memory of a visual stimulus and echoic memory is a momentary memory of an auditory stimulus. Explanation: Sensory memory is memory that pertains to stimuli observed by the senses. Sensory memory may be divided into echoic memory and iconic memory. Echoic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for auditory stimuli, where the echo of a sound will be encoded into memory. Iconic memory relates to a fleeting sensory memory for visual stimuli, where an image will be encoded into memory. Sensory memory is the beginning to memory processing. Upon sensory stimuli (input), the information will be stored as a fleeting sensory memory, which will soon be encoded into short-term/working memory. From this middle stage, the information will be rehearsed and maintained until it is encoded into long-term memory/storage. Given that both iconic and echoic memory play similar roles for sensory memory, it would be incorrect to initially deduce that one plays a greater role in the different stages of memory processing than the other. Which of the following is not an effortful processing strategy?
Possible Answers: Hierarchies Mnemonics Distributed practice Iconic sensory input Chunking Correct answer: Iconic sensory input Explanation: Chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies, and distributed practice may seem familiar as studying techniques. These are in fact effortful processing strategies that will aid in remembering new information. Chunking is the strategy by which we organize information into familiar units; this is often automatically done. Mnemonics aid with memory via techniques that use vivid imagery or organizational devices. A well-known example of a mnemonic device is "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" for mathematical order of operations (PEMDAS). Hierarchies are a little like chunking, but the individual will remember a few broad concepts that will be divided into narrower and narrower concepts. This is a strategy that enables us to organize information. Distributed practice is merely spacing our encoding over a period of time. This revisit the familiar idea of it being more beneficial to space out study time over a few days or weeks as opposed to "cramming" the night before a test. Iconic sensory input would not be a strategy for effortful processing because it is part of memory processing. This is the stimulus that will register as a fleeting sensory iconic (visual) memory. This information does not necessarily have to be processed through effortful processing as a declarative memory. This information may be processed as non-declarative memory through automatic processing as it may have been information we were not consciously aware of. In this case, the information would be automatically processed into long-term memory, skipping short-term and working memory. In school, Tim learned the basics of Spanish grammar; however, after learning this new information, Tim cannot seem to recall the French he learned several months ago. Which of the following could be causing Tim's inability to recall past learning? Possible Answers: Proactive interference Retroactive interference Relearning Retrieval failure Decay Correct answer: Retroactive interference Explanation: Retroactive interference is when newly learned information causes people to forget old information. Thomas has a biochemistry exam as well as a rather difficult physics assignment due tomorrow. He decides to finish the physics assignment first and spend the rest of the night (and possibly the morning) studying for biochemistry. Which of the following is Thomas trying to avoid by prioritizing his school tasks in this particular way? Possible Answers: Proactive interference Retroactive interference None of these Amnesia Misattribution Correct answer: Retroactive interference Explanation: Thomas decides to finish his physics homework before starting his long night of biochemistry studying because he does not want any of the material from his physics assignment to interfere with the concepts he has to study for his biochemistry exam. In doing so, Thomas avoids retroactive interference, which occurs when learning new information makes it harder to recall something learned earlier. If Thomas had studied biochemistry before doing his physics assignment, then there would be an increased probability that the physics assignment might obscure his knowledge of the biochemistry concepts he had studied beforehand. What is effortful processing (with regards to encoding memory)? Possible Answers: When we are emotionally processing a difficult event. When we experience cognitive strain in trying to remember something. None of these answers is accurate. When we must make a conscious effort to put something to memory. When we make a conscious effort to remember something. Correct answer: When we must make a conscious effort to put something to memory. Explanation: Effortful processing occurs when something necessitates our conscious effort and attention to commit something to memory. This most often occurs with complex ideas or tasks and things that do not automatically catch our attention or may not immediately interest us. All AP Psychology ResourcesHow does Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory work?According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, if memories in the short-term store are rehearsed, they will be encoded into the long-term store. The long-term store has a capacity and duration that is so large it is without any known limit, and it stores memories even if they are not actively recalled.
What are the 3 stages of memory in the AtkinsonIn order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: Sensory Memory , Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory. These stages were first proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968).
What is the Atkinsona model that represents memory as consisting of three separate components called the sensory register, the short term store and long term store, and distinguishes between structural features and control processes.
What types of memory stores are described in the AtkinsonAtkinson and Shiffrin (1968) developed the Multi-Store Model of memory (MSM), which describes flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
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The atkinson-shiffrin model of memory helps explain how these memories are formed.
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