Feeding behavior with a high-energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called ________.

Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry) Chapter 51 Animal Behavior

51 Multiple-Choice Questions

1. What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) electrical Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

2. What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) magnetic Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

3. What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) tactile Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

4. Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by ________. A) periods of food availability B) periods of daylight and darkness C) magnetic fields D) lunar cycles Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

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1. Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by ________. A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies B) performing a round dance C) performing a waggle dance D) visual cues Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

2. Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually ________. A) visual and auditory B) tactile and visual C) olfactory and auditory D) visual and olfactory Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

3. A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior? A) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. B) The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it. C) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic. D) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

4. A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation? A) sign stimulus B) cognition C) imprinting D) classical conditioning Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

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1. Use the following figures to answer the question.

From the figure, what can we determine about the location of the food source? A) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive. B) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is to the west of the hive. C) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is close to the hive. D) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90° to the right of the sun. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 51.

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1. Use the following figures to answer the question.

What could you conclude if the honeybee in the figure switched from the "waggle dance" to the "round dance"? A) The food source is no longer available; all the nectar has been harvested. B) The preferred food source was farther away. C) The bee is trying to conserve energy by switching to the round dance. D) The food source is close to the hive. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

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1. Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by ________.

I) the stars in the night sky II) the sun during the day III) the magnetic field of the Earth

A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

1. Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause? A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. D) A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

2. The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by ________. A) hormones B) evolution C) pheromones D) the nervous system Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

3. During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations? A) The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. C) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not. D) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

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1. Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection? A) The behavior is determined entirely by genes. B) The behavior is the same in all individuals in the population. C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. D) The behavior is not genetically inherited. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

2. In testing a hypothesis that "territorial defense in European robins is a fixed action pattern that is released by the sight of orange feathers," researchers found that robins defended their territory by attacking anything that was of similar size and had an orange patch. What experiment would you perform next to determine that the color initiated the defense response? A) Repeat the experiment using a blue patch instead of an orange patch. B) Repeat the experiment by removing the patch completely. C) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that was twice the size of a normal robin but with a small orange patch. D) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that had an orange patch that was twice the size of a normal patch. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

3. Squirrels will make alarm sounds when a model of an owl is placed in their territory. When a red block the same size of the owl is placed in the territory, the squirrel does not alarm. What can you conclude from these observations? A) The squirrel cannot see red objects, and so does not make alarm sounds. B) The owl model, but not the red block, is a sign that triggers the fixed action pattern of alarm vocalizations. C) The owl model is the ultimate cause of alarm vocalization behavior. D) The squirrel is trying to attract the owl into its territory. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

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1. Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of ________. A) cognition B) imprinting C) classical conditioning D) operant conditioning Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

2. Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior? A) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern. B) The dog is trying to protect its territory. C) The dog has been classically conditioned. D) The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

3. Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because ________. A) the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers" B) sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation C) none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane D) sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

4. White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by ________. A) listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song B) listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species C) performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species D) observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

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1. One way to understand how early environment influences behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression? A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents and place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents. Finally, let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment but without parents, and then compare the outcomes. D) You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

2. Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors ________. A) are only weakly influenced by genes B) occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals C) are limited to invertebrate animals D) are expressed in most individuals in a population Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

3. A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual ________. A) addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire B) crystallization of subsong into adult songs C) renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors D) elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

4. Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that ________. A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations D) members of different populations differ in learning ability Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

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1. You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other individuals with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this information affect your conclusions about this behavior? A) It suggests that this behavior might be learned. B) It prevents you from making conclusions. C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed. D) It does not change your initial conclusions. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

2. You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is ________. A) polygamous B) monogamous C) polyandrous D) agonistic Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

3. Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example. A) agonistic behavior B) territorial behavior C) learned behavior D) fixed action pattern Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

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1. Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating and egg laying, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior? A) monogamy B) polygyny C) polyandry D) promiscuity Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

2. Feeding behavior with a high-energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called ________. A) autotrophy B) heterotrophy C) search scavenging D) optimal foraging Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

3. Which of the following examples reflects the concept of optimal foraging? A) During foraging, a mule deer will consume food as soon as it finds it, regardless of the location. B) A cheetah will continue a chase for prey, regardless of how long the chase lasts or how much energy is consumed. C) A moose spends more time looking for food when the food is high quality than when the food is low quality. D) If an animal is hungry it will consume food as soon as it is found, regardless of the food quality or the risk. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

4. The occurrence of sexual dimorphism in a species is a likely indicator of ________. A) a monogamous mating system B) monogamy C) certainty of paternity D) agonistic behavior Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

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1. Use the following figure to answer the question.

Based only on the information in the figure, which of the following conclusions is most logical? A) Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males. B) Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females paired with a male. C) All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females. D) After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same extent as females without males. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 51.

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1. Use the following figure to answer the question.

Based on the information in the figure, which of the following would you expect to observe in these animals?

I) sexual dimorphism II) polygamy III) agonistic behavior

A) only II B) I and II C) I and III D) I, II, and III Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 51.

Listed are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following questions.

A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior

1. Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community. A) B B) C C) D D) E Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

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1. Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of 0? A) a father to his daughter B) an uncle to his nephew C) a brother to his brother D) a sister to her brother Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

2. Animals that help other animals of the same species ________. A) have excess energy reserves B) are bigger and stronger than the other animals C) are usually related to the other animals helped D) are always male Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

3. The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that ________. A) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes B) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other C) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection D) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

4. If a prairie dog had the opportunity to perform an altruistic act (that is, give an alarm call) to help its relatives, which combination of the following relatives would the prairie dog be most likely to help (base your answer solely on the genetic relationships)? A) two nieces, two cousins, and one half-brother B) two half-sisters and two nieces C) one son, one niece, and one half-sister D) equal altruism to all combinations described Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

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1. How would you classify the genetic basis for most behavioral traits in the animal kingdom? A) One gene typically codes for one behavior. B) One gene typically codes for many behaviors. C) Many genes typically code for one behavior. D) Behaviors are learned, not coded by genes. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis Section: 51.

2. What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey? A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. B) Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. D) Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension Section: 51.

3. Behaviors are diverse and important for survival and reproduction. Some behaviors are learned, such as the species-specific song of a yellow warbler that is different from the song of a blue-winged warbler. Other behaviors are innate, such as a female cat in heat urinating more often and in many places to attract a mate or the honeybees' "dance" that indicates the distance and direction of a food source when they return to their hive. Which of the following statements supports the idea that behaviors are important in survival and therefore affect natural selection? A) Learned behaviors always increase fitness. B) Innate behaviors are the result of selection for individual survival and reproductive success. C) All behaviors are survival mechanisms that increase reproductive fitness by increasing mutation rates. D) Both innate and learned behaviors are entirely based on genes inherited from parents. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis/Evaluation Section: 51.

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What is true about imprinting?

Which of the following best describes game theory as it applies to animal Behaviour?

What is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

Which of the following groups of scientists is closely associated with ethology?