Executives were considering the possibility of moving their company to a different state. They wanted to determine if employees would be willing to relocate, but they did not want the employees to know the company was contemplating a move because the final decision had not yet been made. Instead of asking the employees directly, the CEO hired a firm to carry out a telephone survey. When calling the employees, these "pollsters" pretended to be conducting a public opinion poll and identified themselves as working for the new state's Chamber of Commerce. They asked the employees if they would move, and if they liked working for the company. Then they reported all the information, including who said it, to the company. The CEO told the firm it must keep this a secret. Would the CEO have conducted the poll if he had considered his behavior under the front page test? Show a. No, because the company deceived the employees and the CEO asked
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Terms in this set (80)In a teleological system, the ________ determines whether an act is ethical or not. consequences of an action The ethics of care depends largely _________ relationships and needs
An important characteristic of an ethical system is that the system is _______ authoritative Which element is an important component of the six pillars of character? citizenship Which system is deontological and judges but not consequences? ethical formalism According to the concept of ethical formalism, the key factor in determining whether an act is moral is _______ the actors motive or intent The claim "virtue is always the median between two extremes" is known as ___________ The golden mean Barry stated that people can know god's will through ________. individual conscience, religious authorities, and the holy scriptures. Harris defines ethical systems as a _____ systematic ordering of moral principles Which idea claims that there is an inherent universal set of rights and wrongs in the world? natural law Which doctrine claims that a person's actions should maximize happiness for the greatest number of people? utilitarianism Which system determines what is moral based on what is good for an individual's survival and personal happiness? egoism Aristotle's catalog of virtues includes all of the following characteristics except education Which ethical system is concerned solely with the inherent nature of acts being judged? deontological Relativists believe that ________ determines what is right. cultural values Which system acknowledges universal truths but also recognizes that different experiences call for different responses? situational ethics According to Immanuel Kant, a person can control his or her _______ actions Ethical formalism emphasizes that individuals must not _________ be used as a means to an end "Restorative justice" is most consistent with __________ ethics of care Which ethical system emphasizes human relationships and needs ethics of care Who was a major proponent of utilitarianism bentham Which concept holds that individuals forfeit their rights and well-being to the extent they take it away from others? principle of forfeiture Which principle is not part of Krogstand and Robertson's principles of ethical decision making virtue principle The principle of forfeiture is what kind of system deontological Which characteristic is not part of Braswell and gold's peacemaking process. merit Of the following, who is best known as an egoist Ayn Rand Which philosopher believed that moral worth comes from doing one's duty? Kant
Which element is not a key characteristic of an ethical system? It is based on facts An ethical system based on religious beliefs of good and evil or what is God's will can be defined as __________ Religious ethics Which system is deontological and judges acts but not consequences? Ethical Formalism Define deontological and teleological ethical systems and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism. A deontological ethical system is one that is concerned solely with the inherent nature of the act being judged. If an act or intent is inherently good (coming from a good will), it is still considered a good act even if it results in bad consequences. A teleological ethical system judges the consequences of an act. The saying "the end justifies the means" is a teleological statement. Kant's ethical formalism defines good as that which conforms to the categorical imperative, which includes the universalism principles, the idea that we shouldn't use people, and the stricture that we must do our duty through a free will in order to be considered moral. Utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham, defines good as that which contributes to the greatest utility for the greatest number. Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and the ethics of care. Under the ethics of virtue, goodness is determined by the virtues. Aristotle and others have identified what are considered to be moral virtues. Those who possess such virtues will make the right decision when faced with a moral dilemma. Under natural law, good is determined by what is natural. Moral rules are considered similar to other natural laws, such as gravity. Even if humans have not discovered these moral rules, or disagree about what they are, they still exist. Under Judeo-Christian religion, what is good is determined by God's will. One can know God's will through one's religious leaders or the Bible. Other religions also have statements of good and evil and sources to use to determine what is good. The ethics of care is based on the emotions of relationships. Caring is the basis of this morality. Discuss the argument as to whether egoism is an ethical system. Most who write in the area of applied ethics reject egoism as an ethical system because it is self-serving and logically inconsistent. It doesn't make sense to have a universal rule that everyone should pursue self-interest, because our self-interests will inevitably conflict. Proponents of ethical egoism also believe in psychological egoism, the idea that we are, by nature, purely self-interested. Under this view, we are egoists and, therefore, to pursue our self-interest is good. Explain the controversy between relativism and absolutism (or universalism). Absolutist ethics allow no exceptions to moral rules for exceptional circumstances. Relativism seems to allow individuals to define anything as morally acceptable, even acts that would be considered wrong under universal moral rules. The compromise is situational ethics, which propose a very few absolute rules that will support different decisions in different circumstances. Identify what is good according to each of the ethical systems discussed in the chapter. Under ethics of virtue, what is good is that which conforms to the Golden Mean. Under natural law, what is good is that which is natural. Under religion, what is good is that which conforms to God's will. Under ethical formalism, what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative. Under utilitarianism, what is good is that which results in the greatest utility for the greatest number. Under ethics of care, what is good is that which meets the needs of those concerned. Under egoism, what is good is that which benefits me. Ethical Systems Ethical systems provide guidelines and principles to make moral decisions and reflect fundamental truths or propositions. They explain why an act is right or wrong and provide a rationale for moral rules. These systems often are more complex to apply than to explain, but they form the basis for our moral judgements. act utilitarianism The type of utilitarianism that determines the goodness of a particular act by measuring the utility (good) for all, but only for that specific act and without regard for future actions. categorical imperative The concept that some things just must be, with no need for further justification, explanation, or rationalization for why they exist (Kant's categorical imperative refers to the imperative that you should do your duty, act in a way you want everyone else to act, and don't use people). cultural relativism The idea that values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional in the culture that holds them. deontological ethical system The study of duty or moral obligation emphasizing the intent of the actor as the element of morality. egoism The ethical system that defines the pursuit of self-interest as a moral good. enlightened egoism The concept that egoism may appear to be altruistic because it is in one's long-term best interest to help others in order to receive help in return. ethical formalism The ethical system espoused by Kant that focuses on duty; holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and that what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative. ethical system A structured set of principles that defines what is moral. ethics of care The ethical system that defines good as meeting the needs of others and preserving and enriching relationships. ethics of virtue The ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of virtues. eudaimonia The Greek term denoting perfect happiness or flourishing, related to the way to live a "good life." generalization principle The principle that all decisions should be made assuming that the decision would be applied to everyone else in similar circumstances. hypothetical imperatives Statements of contingent demand known as if-then statements (if I want something, then I must work for it); usually contrasted with categorical imperatives (statements of "must" with no "ifs"). imperative principle The concept that all decisions should be made according to absolute rules. moral pluralism The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations. natural law The idea that principles of morals and rights are inherent in nature and not human-made; such laws are discovered by reason but exist apart from humankind. peacemaking justice An ancient approach to justice that includes the concepts of compassion and care, connectedness, and mindfulness. principle of forfeiture The idea that one gives up one's right to be treated under the principles of respect for persons to the extent that one has abrogated someone else's rights; for instance, self-defense is acceptable according to the principle of forfeiture. principle of the Golden Mean Aristotle's concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency; this principle is associated with the ethics of virtue. psychological egoism The concept that humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that we can do nothing else because it is our nature. religious ethics The ethical system that is based on religious beliefs of good and evil; what is good is that which is God's will. rule utilitarianism The type of utilitarianism that determines the goodness of an action by measuring the utility of that action when it is made into a rule for behavior. situational ethics The philosophical position that although there are a few universal truths, different situations call for different responses; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors. teleological ethical system An ethical system that is concerned with the consequences or ends of an action to determine goodness. utilitarianism The ethical system that claims that the greatest good is that which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number; major proponents are Bentham and Mill. utilitarian principle The principle that all decisions should be made according to what is best for the greatest number. Religion In a religious ethics system, the authority of the god figure is the root of all morality; basic conceptions of good and evil or right and wrong come from interpretations of the gods figures will. Three sources used to determine what is right are religious authorities, scripture or religious writings, and faith. Ethics of Virtue Under the ethics of virtue, developed by Aristotle, what is good is that which conforms to the principle of the golden mean, which states that virtue is always the median between two extremes of character. Those who possess moral virtues will make the right decision when faced with a moral dilemma. Natural Law Natural Law holds that there is a universal set of rights and wrongs that is similar to many religious beliefs, but without reference to a specific supernatural figure. It presupposes that what is good is what is natural, and what is natural is good. The fundamental issue is how to determine whether a moral rule is based on a true natural law or on a mistaken human perception. Ethical Formalism Ethical formalism is a deontological ethical system, concerned solely with the inherent nature of the act being judged. It defines good as that which conforms to the categorical imperative, which includes the universalism principle, the principle to treat each person as an "end" and to choose moral acts from a free will. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical system, in which the consequences of an act determine its morality, what results in the greatest good for the greatest number is a good. In act utilitarianism, only the basic utility derived from one action is examined, whereas in rule utilitarianism, one looks at the precedent and long term utility of the rule set by that action. The ethics of care The ethics of care is founded in the natural human response to care for those who are vulnerable. What is good is that which meets the needs of everyone. Peacemaking justice is an ancient process that includes the concepts of compassion and care, connectedness, and mindfulness. In both systems, decisions arise from compassion rather than attention to abstract rights or duties. Egoism Egoism postulates that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral. Many applied ethicists reject egoism because it is logically inconsistent in that self interests will inevitably conflict. Psychological egoism presumes that we are, by nature, purely self interested, and therefore, to pursue our self interest is good. Enlightened egoism notes that each persons objective is long term welfare and it may be in ones own interest to help others in the short term. Imperative principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific unbending rule. Utilitarian principle determines the ethics of conduct by the good or bad consequences of an action. The generalization principle based on the question, "what would happen if all similar persons acted this way under similar circumstances?" Using ethical systems to resolve dilemmas To resolve ethical dilemmas, one should determine the facts, thenthe relevant concepts or values, then determine all of the various ethical dilemmas faced by all actors, then use the ethical systems to solve the most immediate dilemma. Universalism is similar to absolutism in that what is considered wrong is wrong for all people for all time and if one wants to preform a certain act, one must agree it is acceptable for all. Relativism is a position that there are no absolute truths about morality Cultural Relativism defines good as that which contributes to the health and survival of society. Even absolutist moral systems have some exceptions; for instance the principle of forfeiture holds that people who treat others as a means to an end forfeit the right to the protection of their own freedom and wellbeing. Towards a resolution: situational ethics situational ethics provides a middle ground between absolutism and relativism with moral pluralism, in which a few absolute rules support different decisions under different circumstances. Interestingly, situational ethics appears to be consistent with the ethics of care. 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