-Industrial psychology, which was the original name for the field, is the older branch and tends to take a management perspective of organizational efficiency through the appropriate use of human resources or people. It is concerned with issues of efficient job design, employee selection, employee training, and performance appraisal.
-Organizational psychology developed from the human relations movement in organizations. It is concerned with understanding behavior and enhancing the well-being of employees in the workplace. Organizational topics include employee attitudes, employee behavior, job stress, and supervisory practices.
The major topics of the field, however, cannot easily be characterized as strictly industrial (I) or organizational (O). Motivation, for example, is relevant to the I concerns of employee efficiency and performance, but it is also relevant to the O concern with the happiness and well-being of employees, as well as understanding human behavior in organizational settings. Even though the I and O areas cannot always be clearly distinguished, together they suggest the broad nature of the field.
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human resource departments managed the technical details of recruiting, hiring, promoting, firing, and compensating employees
the responsibility of human resource professionals has expanded to include greater authority in decision making about personnel matters
many of these departments are now in charge of employee assessment, training, and evaluation procedures
hold a variety of titles, including benefits coordinator, personnel administrator, and human resources associate
training and certification programs for human resource positions are now common and play a large role in one's ability to secure certain positions and salaries
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the description and explanation . . .that is, the study of the causes, conditions, and immediate consequences so far as these can be ascertained, of states of consciousness . . .such as sensations, desires, emotions, cognitions, reasonings, decision, volitions, and the like in human beings.
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finance
Haywood Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health care facilities and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system would be beneficial: $$ \begin{array}{lrlr} \hline &\textbf{Estimated}&&\textbf{Estimated Quantity}\\ \textbf{Activity}&\textbf{Indirect Cost}&\textbf{Allocation Base}&\textbf{of Allocation Base}\\ \hline \text{Materials handling}&\$ 96,000&\text{Number of kilos}&\text{24,000 kilos}\\ \text{Packaging}&219,000&\text{Number of machine hours}&\text{5,475 hours}\\ \text{Quality assurance}&112,500&\text{Number of samples}&\text{1,875 samples}\\ \hline \text{Total indirect costs}&\$ 427,500\\ \hline\hline \end{array} $$ Other production information includes the following: $$ \begin{array}{lcc} \hline &\textbf{Commercial Containers}&\textbf{Travel Packs}\\ \hline \text{Units produced}&\text{3,000 containers}&\text{57,000 packs}\\ \hline \text{Weight in kilos}&13,500&5,700\\ \text{Machine hours}&2,250&570\\ \text{Number of samples}&300&855\\ \hline \end{array} $$ Requirements 1. Compute the predetermined overhead allocation rate for each activity. 2. Use the predetermined overhead allocation rates to compute the activity-based costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. Round to two decimal places. (Hint: First compute the total activity-based costs allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.) 3. Haywood's original single plantwide overhead allocation rate system allocated indirect costs to products at $151. 00 per machine hour. Compute the total indrect costs allocated to the commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for each product. Round to two decimal places. 4. Compare the indirect activity-based costs per unit to the indirect costs per unit from the traditional system. How have the unit costs changed? Explain why the costs changed as they did.
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