1. Attraction to other polar molecules (polar-charged hydrogen and oxygen)
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- What is the difference between control and experimental groups in a research study?
- What is the difference between the control group and experimental group?
- What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group quizlet?
- What was the primary difference between the control and experimental groups in this experiment quizlet?
2. Stores heat: High specific heat (lots of energy needed to break down bonds (to excite polar bonded atoms))
3. Stores heat: High heat of vaporization (lots of energy (heat) needed to break down oxygen and hydrogen into gas)
4. Low density of ice (hydrogen spread out but remain bonded to oxygen, taking up more space but weighing the same as normal water)
5. High Polarity (polar charge hydrogen grabs onto other polar charged atoms and breaks them apart)
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Terms in this set (31)
Scientific Method
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
4 goals of psychology
description (what occurred), explanation (why it occurred), prediction (future predictions of events), influence (know how to apply a principle or change to prevent wanted occurrences or bring about desired outcomes.
Research Methods
Correlational research methods: case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and laboratory observation
Experimental vs. Correlational Studies
In correlational studies a researcher looks for associations among naturally occurring variables, whereas in experimental studies the researcher introduces a change and then monitors its effects.
Independent vs. Dependent variables
An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.
A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
Experimental vs. Control group
An experimental group is the group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment. The control group is the group in an experiment that does not receive the variable you are testing.
Alan Lang's Study
Conducted a classic experiment to determine if alcohol consumption itself increases aggression or if the beliefs or expectations about the effects of alcohol cause the aggressive behavior.
Conclusion: It was the expectation of drinking alcohol, not the alcohol itself, that caused the students to be more aggressive.
Selection Bias
The assignment of participants to experimental or control groups in such a way that systematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment. This can be controlled by using random assignment.
Placebo Effect
The phenomenon that occurs in an experiment when a participant's response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itself.
Placebo
An inert or harmless substance given to the control group in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect.
Experimenter Bias
Occurs when a researcher's preconceived notions or expectations in some way influence participant's behavior and/or the researcher's interpretation of experimental results.
Ethics Of A Study
Standards set by the APA (American Psychological Association). First priority of a psychologist is to investigate in the highest moral standards. Consent, deception, debriefing. Animals are protected by the Animal Welfare Act, the NIH (National Institute of Health), and the APA.
Introspection
Wundt studied the perception of a variety of visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli, including rhythmic patterns produced by metronomes at different speeds. As a research method, this looks inward to examine one's own conscious experience and then reporting that experience.
Structuralism
The first formal school of thought in psychology, aimed at analyzing the basic elements of conscious mental experiences. Founded by Titchener.
Functionalism
An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment.
Behaviorism
The school of psychology founded by John B. Watson that views observable , measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior.
Humanism
The school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health.
Psychoanalysis
The term Freud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus.
Cognitive Psychology
Sees humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, language, etc.
Gestalt
Emphasizes that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts. Means "whole, form, or pattern."
Physiological Psychology
Looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences. Study the structures of the brain and central nervous system, the functioning of neurons, the delicate balance of neurotransmitters and hormones, and the effects of heredity to look for links between these biological factors and behavior.
Sociocultural Psycholgy
The view that social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others.
Clinical Psychologist
Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders.
Counseling Psychologist
Help people who have adjustment problems that are generally less severe than those handled by a clinical psychologists.
Physiological Psychologist
Study the relationship between physiological processes and and behavior.
Experimental Psychologist
Specialize in the use of experimental research methods. Usually work in a laboratory.
Developmental Psychologist
Study how people grow, develop, and change throughout the life span.
Educational Psychologist
Specialize in the study of teaching and learning. they may help train teachers and other educational professionals or conduct research in teaching and classroom behavior.
Social Psychologist
Investigate how the individual feels, thinks, behaves in a social setting- in the presence of others.
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Study the relationships between people and their work environments.
How to set up an experiment
1. Pick a specific topic
2. Design study
3. Collect and analyze data
4. Draw
conclusions
5. Communicate findings
*independent and dependent variables
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What is the difference between control and experimental groups in a research study?
What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? An experimental group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study, whereas a control group does not. They should be identical in all other ways.
What is the difference between the control group and experimental group?
What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? Put simply, an experimental group is the group that receives the variable, or treatment, that the researchers are testing whereas the control group does not. These two groups should be identical in all other aspects.
What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group quizlet?
of the experimental group? the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group, which does not receive the test variable.
What was the primary difference between the control and experimental groups in this experiment quizlet?
What was the primary difference between the control and experimental groups in this experiment? The experimental group was asked to provide reasons for liking or disliking the jams they tasted, whereas the control group was not.