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How did the WHO define health in 1946? How has that definition been modified?
In 1946, WHO defined health as a "state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." Today, health is defined as a dynamic state or condition of the human
organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living and results from a person's interactions with and adaptations to environment.
(Ex: can have injury but still be healthy).
What is public health?
Public health is the most inclusive form of health and it includes what we do as a society to keep ourselves and each other healthy, going beyond the community. An example would be wearing a seatbelt. Do not just associate public health with policies created by the government.
What are the differences among community health, population health, and global health?
Community health is the health status of a defined group of people and the actions taken to protect their health.
Population health is the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the
group
Global health describes health problems that transcend national boundaries (Ex: Zika virus)
What are the five major domains that determine a person's health?
• Gestational endowments
• Social circumstances
• Environmental conditions where people live and work
• Behavior choices
• Health care availability
What is the difference between personal health activities and community and public health activities?
Personal health activities are individual actions and decision-making that affects the health of an individual or his or her immediate family (Ex: What you eat, whether you exercise or not). Community and public health activities are activities aimed at protecting/ improving the health of a population or community (Ex: Accurate birth and death rates, protection of food and water supply)
Define Community
A collective group of people who share certain common interests
What are the 4 major factors that affect the health of a community?
The four major factors that affect the health of a community are:
1. Physical factors- An example of a physical factor is a change in the environment such that an industrial development
occurs and begins polluting the air.
2. Social/cultural factors- A social/cultural example is an occupation where it could be very stressful or an occupation that produces little to no stress.
3. Community organization- An example of community organization is for a school to have a plan at hand for when a fire breaks out or if an intruder enters the school.
4. Individual behaviors- An example of individual behavior could be an individual who chooses to wash their hands after using the
restroom or coughing/sneezing into a tissue instead of their hand.
Identify some of the major events of community and public health from the following time periods:
Early Civilizations
Middle Ages
Renaissance and Exploration
The 18th Century
The 19th Century
Early civilizations: not very well documented, we know some basic laws for physicians and health practices from the Code of Hammurabi.
Middle ages: Religion took precedence while scientific evidence and exploration decreased (Many large disease outbreaks occurred)
Renaissance and Exploration Era: Scientists believed that diseases were caused by environmental, not spiritual factors
18th century- Characterized by industrial growth. Living conditions during this time period were very unsanitary. Development of smallpox vaccination
19th century- Epidemics continued to be a problem in this time period.
1850: This
year marks the beginning of the modern era of public health.
1st Half of 19th century: United State's government's approach to health was laissez-faire (noninterference)
2nd Half of 19th Century: Real progress in the understanding of many communicable diseases occurred during the second half of the 19th century
Ex: Bacteria and pathogen knowledge increased with the work by John Snow and his cholera research (Discovered the microorganisms can cause disease
Provide a brief explanation of the origins from which the following 20th century periods get their names:
Health Resources Development period
Period of social engineering
Period of health promotion
Health resources development period (1900-1920)- Growth of health care facilities and providers
Period of social engineering (1960-1973)- The 1960s marked the beginning of a period when the federal government once again became active in
health matters. The primary reason for this was the growing realization that many Americans were still not reaping the benefits of 60 years of medical advances
Period of health promotion (1974-present)- The goal of this time period is to save lives and reduce health care costs, through means other than health care (Ex: "Healthy People" urge Americans to practice healthy behaviors and outlining models for reducing health risks).
What significance do Healthy People documents have in community and public health development in recent years?
Healthy People has previously provided clear-cut goals and guidelines for communities afflicted with a public/community health issue in order to reduce their health risks and increase their chances for good health
What significance do you think Healthy People 2020 will have in the years ahead?
The significance is that they will be providing documents and statistics that will hopefully increase the quality of life.
What is the National Prevention Strategy and who is responsible for it?
The National Prevention Strategy was created by the National Prevention Council within the Affordable Care Act (This act was put in place by Barack Obama). This strategy aimed to lower healthcare costs, improve quality of care, as well as give coverage options to those who are uninsured. Furthermore, this plan aimed to help increase the number of Americans who are healthy at every stage of life
What are the major community and public health problems facing the United States and the world today?
Although the health of the world population is improving, communicable diseases, poor sanitation and unsafe
drinking water, hunger, and migration are burdens for many and impact the people who are poor much more than those who are not poor
Other problems facing the US and world today include the continuing rise in health care costs (leads to lower income groups not having access to health care), growing environmental concerns (polluted air and unclean water), lifestyle diseases (heart disease and cancer), substance abuse problems, and natural and human-made disasters.
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