References
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, (DC): American Psychiatric Press; 1987.Google Scholar
Andreasen, NC, Arndt, S, Alliger, R, Miller, D, Flaum, MSymptoms of schizophrenia: methods, meaning and mechanisms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1995;52:341–351.10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950170015003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreasen, NC, Olsen, SNegative vs positive schizophrenia: definition and validations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1982;39:789–794.10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070025006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bresnahan, M, Susser, EInvestigating socioenvironmental influences in schizophrenia: conceptual and design issues. In: Murray, RM, Jones, PB, Susser, E, Von Os, J., Cannon, M editors. The epidemiology of schizophrenia. New York (NY) US: Cambridge University Press; 2003.Google Scholar
Brixey, SN, Gallagher, BJ, McFalls, JA, Parmelee, LFGestational and neonatal factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychol. 1993;49:2003. p. 447–456.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, AS, Susser, ES, Jandorf, L, Bromet, EJSocial class of origin and cardinal symptoms of schizophrenic disorders over the early illness course. Soc Psych and Psych Epidemiol 2000;35:53–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S, Birtwistle, J, Roe, L, Thompson, CThe unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 1999;29:697–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Census of Population. Classified index of industries and occupations. Washington, (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1971.Google Scholar
Dollfus, S, Petit, MPrincipal component analyses of PANSS and SANS-SAPS in schizophrenia: their stability in an acute phase. Eur. Psychiatry 1995;10:97–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, WW, Muntaner, CSocial stratification and mental disorder. In: Horwitz, AV, Scheid, TL ediotos. A handbook for the study of mental health: social contexts, theories and systems. Cambridge (MA) US: Cambridge University Press; 1999. p. 283–295.Google Scholar
Edwards, J, McGorry, PD, Waddell, FM, Harrigan, SMEnduring negative symptom in first-episode psychosis: comparison of six methods using follow-up data. Schizophr. Res. 1999;40:147–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, BJ, Jones, BJ, Pisa, AM, McFalls, JASchizophrenic subtype, prenatal factors and social class: an epidemiological analysis. Eur. Psychiatry (under review).Google Scholar
Gallagher, BJThe sociology of mental illness. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ) US: Prentice Hall; 2002.Google Scholar
Gallagher, BJ, McFalls, JA, Jones, BJ, Pisa, AMPrenatal illness and subtypes of schizophrenia: the winter pregnancy phenomenon. J. Clin. Psychol. 1999;55:915–922.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199907)55:7<915::AID-JCLP12>3.0.CO;2-53.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, BJ, McFalls, JA, Jones, BJRacial factors in birth seasonality: a preliminary analysis. J Ab Psychol 1983;92:524–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, LK, Lynch, SMRace differences in depressive symptoms: a dynamic perspective on stress exposure and vulnerability. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2003;44:353–369.10.2307/1519784CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gore, S, Aseltine, RHRace and ethnic differences in depressed mood following the transition from high school. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2003;44:370–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, G, Gunnell, D, Glazebrook, C, Page, K, Kwieczinski, Association between schizophrenia and social inequality at birth; case–control study. Br. J. Psychiatry 2001;179:346–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, ABFour factor index of social position. New Haven (CN) US: Yale University Press; 1975.Google Scholar
Kay, SR, Opler, LA, Fiszlein, APositive and negative syndrome scale. New York (NY) US: Multi-Health Systems, Inc; 1992.Google Scholar
Knoke, D, Burke, PLog-linear models. Beverly Hill (CA) US: Sage Publications; 1981.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, B, Buchanan, RW, McKenney, PD, Alphis, LD, Carpenter, WTThe schedule for the deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1989;30:119–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landrine, HThe social class schizophrenia relationship: a different approach and new hypotheses. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 1990;8:288–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R, Caudle, J, Price, LRace, social class and neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1999;36:48–58.Google Scholar
Malla, AK, Norman, R.M.G., Takhar, J, Manchanda, R, Townsend, L, Schotten, Det al.Can patients at risk for persistent negative symptoms be identified during their first episode of psychosis?. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2004;192:455–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meich, RA, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Wright, B.R.E., Silva, PALow socioeconomic status and mental disorders: a longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood. Am J Sociol 1999;104:1096–1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messias, E, Kirkpatrick, B, Bromet, E, Ross, D, Buchanan, RW, Carpenter, WTet al.Summer deficit and schizophrenia: a pooled analysis from six countries. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004;61:985–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulvany, F, O’Callaghan, E, Takei, N, Byrne, M, Fearon, P, Larken, CEffect of social class at birth on risk and presentation of schizophrenia: case–control study. BMJ 2001;323:1398–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasrallah, HA, Weinberger, DRNeurology of schizophrenia. In: Nasrallah, H, Weinberger, DR editors. Handbook of schizophrenia. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 1990.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, R, Dohrenwend, BP, Dohrenwend, GSFormulation of hypotheses about the true prevalence of functional disorders among adults in the Untied States. In: Dohrenwend, BP, editor. Mental illness in the United States. New York (NY) US: Praeger; 1990. p. 1980. p. 45–94.Google Scholar
O’Callaghan, E, Cotter, D, Colgan, K, Larkin, D, Walsh, D, Waddington, JLConfinement of winter birth excess in schizophrenia to the urban-born and its gender specificity. Br. J. Psychiatry 1995;166:51–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strous, RD, Maayan, R, Lapidus, R, Stryjer, R, Lustig, M, Kotler, Met al.Dehydroepiandrosterone augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003;60:133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrey, EF, Bowler, AE, Clark, KUrban birth and residence as risk factors for psychoses: an analysis of 1880 data. Schizophr. Res. 1997;25:169–176.10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00020-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, EF, Miller, J, Rawlings, R, Yolken, RHSeasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr. Res. 1997;28:1–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vander Stoep, A, Link, BSocial class, ethnicity and mental illness: the importance of being more than earnest. Am. J. Public Health 1998;88:1396–1402.10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Os, J, Wright, P, Murray, RMFollow-up studies of schizophrenia I: natural history and non-psychopathological predictors of outcome. Eur. Psychiatry 1997;12:327S–341S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, DR, Takeuchi, D, Adair, RSocioeconomic status and psychiatric disorder among blacks and whites. Soc. Forces 1992;71:179–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar