Form- This is the external appearance of a clearly defined area. It is the visual shape of an
object or thing found in nature. Forms are used to describe simple objects and determine
the structure of these objects. Some forms are natural, abstract, non- objective or geometric.
Natural Forms are those we see in nature shapes of leaves, animals, trees and mountains.
Some buildings look like geometric solids. Some examples are the pyramids the cylindrical
towers and box like edifices. Geometric shapes are evident in these buildings.
Color- is the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by it, and
usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation and brightness of the
reflected light. It is a series of wave lengths which strike out retina. Every ray of light
coming from the sun is composed of different waves which vibrate at different speeds.
Texture- is the surface treatment of an artistic work in order to give variety and beauty to
any work of art. The sense of sight and the sense of touch are involved. They are the smooth
and the rough. Variations in texture of objects, buildings and structures help avoid a
monotonous effect.
Space- is an art element which is concerned with making all parts functional so that all
parts of the work of art will contribute to make the whole a complete work of art. Space
exists as “illusion” in the graphic presentation.
Properties of Color
Hue- This is the particular identity of a color. The principal hues are red, yellow and blue.
This is classified into warm and cool. Color is said to be warm when red or yellow is
dominant and cool when blue is the dominant color.
Value- This term is applied to denote the lightness and darkness of a color. Colors can be
made darker by making the pigments thicker, adding black, or adding a little of its
complement. Colors can be made lighter by adding water or oil or white.
Intensity- This is the term to denote the brightness and dullness of a color. Colors differ in
intensity or vividness. Two colors may both be violet, one just as dark as the other, but one
may be more intense than the other. Powder blue is a dulled blue, old rose is a dulled red.
When a hue is found in its most vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity. A hue completely
neutralized loses its color and becomes gray.
Classification of Colors
The primary colors are red, yellow and blue. These are called primary colors because all
other colors are produced by combining any of the two colors.
The secondary colors are green, violet, and orange. These colors can be produced by
mixing any two of the primary colors.
The intermediate colors can be produced by mixing in equal amounts primary and
secondary colors. These colors are yellow orange, red orange, red violet, blue violet, blue
green and yellow green.