1. Through both informal and formal conversations and education adults convey to children the way their culture interprets and responds to the world. Specifically, as adults interact with children, they show the meanings they attach to objects, events and experiences.
2. thought and language become increasingly independent in the first few years of life.
3. complex mental processes begin as social activities. As children develop, they gradually internalize processes they use in social contexts and begin to use them independently. This internalization process allows children to transform ideas and processes to make them uniquely their own
4. children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted by more advanced and competent individuals. Vygotsky identified two levels of development: actual development, which is the upper limit of tasks a child can perform individually, and level of potential development, which is the upper limit of tasks a child can perform with the assistance of a more competent individual.
5. challenging tasks promote maximum cognitive growth. Vygotsky described this as the zone of proximal development , or commonly referred to as ZPD. ZPD is the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently.
6. play allows children to stretch themselves cognitively. Play allows children to take on roles they would normally not be able to perform in real life
Terms in this set (49)
In Piaget's eyes, people in a child's life can present
information and arguments that create disequilibrium and foster greater perspective taking. For
instance, when young children disagree with one another, they begin to realize that different
people may have different yet equally valid viewpoints, and they gradually shed the egocentrism
that
characterizes the preoperational stage.
In Vygotsky's view, social interactions provide the very foundation for thought processes.
Children gradually internalize processes they first use in collaboration with others until, ultimately,
they can use these processes on their own. Furthermore, tasks within the ZPD can, by
definition, be accomplished only when other people support children's efforts in some way.
According to Vygotsky, both
______________ and ______________, adults convey to children the ways in
which their culture interprets and responds to the world. To promote higher mental functions, adults
share with children the ____________ they attach to objects, events, and, more generally, human experience.
In the process, they transform, or ________, the situations children encounter. Meanings
are conveyed through a variety of mechanisms, including language (spoken words, writing, etc.),
mathematical
symbols, art, and music.
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