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Chapter 3: Sensation and PerceptionDirections:Use your notes and textbook to complete the fill in the blanks for this assignment. Use the vocabularythroughout the chapter to complete the fill in the blanks. Once you finish, submit it back to Edmodo.1.Sensationsis the activation of receptors in the various sense organs.2.Just Noticeable Differenceis the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of thetime.3.The smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the timeit is present is calledAbsolute Threshold.4.The process by why subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior is calledSubliminal Perception.5.Habituationis the tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.6.The tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchangingSensoryAdaptation.
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Psychology, gestalt principle, various sense organs
The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with ______.
In the process known as_____________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are ______.
Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the saturation of light?
Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems caused by ____________.
Vibrations from the eardrum not reaching the cochlea.
What are the five primary tastes?
Bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami
In addition to their function for hearing, we have three semicircular canals in the ear to ______________.
Detect movement in each of the three planes of motion
The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as _____________.
Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become ______.
Less detailed in the distance
An illusion ________________.
is a perception that does not correspond to reality.
The process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.
The process of converting outside
stimuli, such as light, into neural activity.
Just noticeable difference (jnd or the difference threshold)
The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time.
The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the
time the stimulation is present.
Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.
Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.
The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close.
Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light.
Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision.
Area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve,
insensitive to light.
The recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights.
The recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness.
Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green.
Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.
Theory of color vision that proposes visual neurons (or groups of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color.
Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency.
The visible part of the ear.
Short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum.
Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid.
Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear.
Psychological experience of
sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches.
Theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of Corti.
Theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane.
Theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4000 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing.
The sensation of a taste.
Olfaction (olfactory sense)
Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just
below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.
The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses.
The sensation of touch, pressure, temperature and pain.
Sense of location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other.
The sensation of movement, balance and body position.
An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea and other physical discomfort.
The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and
organized in some meaningful fashion.
The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.
The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.
The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same
even when the light conditions change.
The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background.
Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed.
The tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.
The
tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.
The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.
The tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather that with a complex, broken-up pattern.
The tendency to perceive two things that happen close
together in time as being related.
The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)
Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only.
Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.
The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.
Perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.
The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the
second object and closer to the viewer.
Aerial (atmospheric) perspective
The haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away form the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.
The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance
from the viewer increases.
The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away.
As a monocular cue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away.
The rotation
of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant.
The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects.
Illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends
of the lines, causing line of equal length to appear to be different.
Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)
The tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.
The use of pre-existing knowledge to organize
individual features into a unified whole.
The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.