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The condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels is called ______ | Uremia |
What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called? | Excretion |
What's filtration? | Filtration is the process of moving the blood plasma from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule, where is becomes the filtrate. |
What's secretion? | Secretion is the process of eliminating solutes and water via the renal tubules. |
What's reabsorption? | Reason: Reabsorption is the process of the filtrate leaving the renal tubule and returning to the blood plasma by way of the peritubular capillaries. |
Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called | Renal columns |
The kidneys lie against the | Posterior abdominal wall |
What is a renal papilla? | The tip of a renal pyramid |
Where's the renal papilla located? | In the medulla and pointing toward the renal pelvis. |
What's the cortex? | The outer portion of the kidney. |
An average kidney weighs about ______. | 150g |
Deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney. | Fibrous capsule->Perirenal fat capsule->Renal fascia |
Uremia develops when blood levels of what reach toxic levels? | Nitrogenous wastes |
The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the | renal medulla |
The outer layer of the renal parenchyma is called the | renal cortex |
The blunt tip of a renal pyramid from which urine is collected is a | renal papilla |
The kidneys are each about the size of which of the following? | A bar of soap |
What is a minor calyx? | A cuplike structure that collects urine |
Which binds the kidney to the abdominal wall? | Renal fascia |
The renal medulla is made up of ______ renal pyramids. | 6 to 10 |
The ______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ______ is the outer layer surrounding it. | medulla, cortex |
Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into | the ureter |
What collects in a renal papilla? | Urine |
The ______ carries blood OUT of a glomerulus. | efferent arteriole |
From a major calyx, urine drains into | the renal pelvis |
What are the three protective layers around the kidney? | Fibrous capsule- >Perirenal fat capsule ->Renal fascia |
About how many nephrons are in a kidney? | 1.2 million |
What is the renal medulla comprised of? | Renal pyramids |
What are renal columns? | extensions of the cortex and divide the medulla into pyramids. |
What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter |
Which blood vessel carries blood INTO a glomerulus? | Afferent arteriole |
What's the vasa recta? | A capillary network that parallels the nephron loop |
What's the Peritubular capillary? | It wraps around the tubule. |
The visceral layer and the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule are separated by ______. | a capsular space |
A nephron consists of what two parts? | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule? | Renal corpuscle |
Starting at a renal papilla, sort order by urine flow | Minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter |
What are the parts of a renal tubule? | Nephron loop -> Proximal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct -> distal convoluted tubule |
The ____________ arteriole carries blood FROM the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries. | efferent |
Within the glomerular capsule, podocytes form the (inner) ______ layer of the capsule and simple squamous epithelium forms the ______ (outer) layer. | visceral, parietal |
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? | Nephron |
The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a | glomerular capsule |
Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts? | Thick |
Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what? | Renal tubule |
What's a glomerulus? | The ball of capillaries inside the capsule |
What's the vasa recta? | parallels the nephron loop. |
What's the collecting duct? | penetrates the medullary pyramid |
The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? | Microvilli |
Podocytes form which of the following? | The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule |
A nephron consists of what two parts? | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? | Thin |
Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? | Renal tubule |
Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct? | Distal convoluted tubule |
The visceral layer and the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule are separated by | a capsular space |
Most nephrons are ______ nephrons. | cortical |
The distal convoluted tubule is ______ and ______ coiled than the proximal convoluted tubule. | shorter, less |
T/F Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. | True |
T/F Other than plasma proteins , small substances can pass through the filtration membrane | True |
Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. | cortical |
The glomerulus is composed of which type of capillaries? | Fenestrated |
Which structure determines what solutes are able to pass from the glomerular blood into the capsular space? | Filtration membrane |
What provides the glomerulus with tubular flow feedback so the glomerular filtration can be adjusted? | The Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate |
The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? | Colloid osmotic/Blood hydrostatic |
The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla. | collecting duct |
Blood->capsular space structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration. | Fenestrated endothelium -> Basement memebrane -> Filtration slit |
Which can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane? | Glucose, Water, Electrolytes |
Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? | The surface area available for filtration and the permeability of the filtration membrane |
Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood ____________ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood. | Hydrostatic |
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its___________ | specific gravity |
What is the normal range for the pH of urine? | 4.5-8.2 |
The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a | Ureter |
The kidneys perform which of the following functions? | Regulation of electrolyte balance, Calcitriol synthesis, Regulation of blood volume, Removal of metabolic waste |
The kidneys produce ______, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. | erythropoietin |
How do most nitrogenous wastes originate? | As byproducts of protein catabolism |
How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure? | By regulating water and sodium OUTPUT |
The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of which of the following? | Acid-base balance & Electrolytes |
What is azotemia? | An increased level of blood urea nitrogen |
The organs that function to remove metabolic waste material by filtering the blood plasma are the_______________ | kidneys |
The kidneys play a role in calcium homeostasis by participating in the synthesis of which hormone? | Calcitriol |
What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? | Creatinine, Urea |
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? | By regulating water output |
Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as? | Blood urea nitrogen |
The condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels is called ______. | uremia |
What does the respiratory system excrete? | Carbon dioxide |
Where is the liver located? | On the right |
Which kidney is lower, left or right? | Right kidney is lower |
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called | excretion |
Which describes the location of the kidneys? | Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3 |
The renal fraction is approximately what percent of the cardiac output? | 21 |
Renal artery --> segmental arteries --> __________ arteries --> arcuate arteries. | interlobar |
The functional unit of the kidney is a | nephrons |
The kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output. This value is called the renal | fraction |
Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood INTO the renal cortex in order. | Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate [Artery's] |
The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? | Glomerular capsule |
Blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from | efferent arterioles |
What is a nephron? | A functional unit of the kidney |
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? | Nephron |
The renal artery divides into a few ______ arteries. | segmental |
The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ______. | glomerulus |
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus, Glomerular capsule |
The renal pyramids of the medulla receive their blood supply from which blood vessel network? | Vasa recta |
The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a | glomerulus |
What enters at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and brings blood to the glomerulus? | Afferent arteriole |
The vasa recta is a network of blood vessels located mostly within which of the following? | Medulla |
At the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle, the parietal layer of the capsule gives rise to what structure? | Renal tubule |
The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla. | collecting duct |
The ______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. | nephron loop |
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate |
The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular | filtration |
Within the filtration membrane, filtration slits are gaps between which of the following? | Pedicels |
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______. | glomerular filtrate |
Compared to capillaries beds in the rest of the body, the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillary bed is ______. | higher |
Which structure is composed of a fenestrated capillary endothelium, a basement membrane, and a filtration slit? | Filtration membrane |
When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. | out of |
Located between the pedicels of the podocytes are which of the following? | Filtration slits |
Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) forces fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. | into |
How does hypertension lead to kidney damage? | It can rupture glomerular capillaries. |
What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? | Glomerular filtration rate |
Blood hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid ______ the blood and ______ the capsular space. | out of, into |
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. | High |
What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? | Net filtration pressure |
Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? | Glomerular capillaries |
How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries? | It can scar them. |
Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? | Permeability of the filtration membrane & The surface area available for filtration |
A DECREASED GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | decreased, increased |
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. | low |
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______. | autoregulation |
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation. | myogenic |
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ___________ feedback | Tubuloglomerular |
An INCREASED GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | increased, decreased |
What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? | Juxtaglomerular cells, Macula densa, Mesangial cells |
What is the result of renal autoregulation? | The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure. |
Juxtaglomerular cells; | Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin |
Mesangial cells | Dilate/constrict glomerular capillariesDilate/constrict glomerular capillaries |
Macula densa | Monitor tubular fluid |
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? | Afferent arteriole |
Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels ______ glomerular filtration rate. | decreases |
Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? | Glomerular capillaries |
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following? | renin |
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the_________ apparatus. | juxtaglomerular |
Mesangial cells are cells; | between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries |
Juxtaglomerular cells are smooth | muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole |
Macula densa cells are; | Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop |
Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? | Granular cells |
The ______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR. | sympathetic |
Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ______. | decreased |
The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. | renin |
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? | Decreased blood pressure |
The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ______. | sodium |
Which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? | Increased release of ADH->Increased secretion of aldosterone->Stimulated thirst |
Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water. | peritubular |
Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure. | decrease |
Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex? | Aldosterone |
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure? | It increases the BP. |
Which structures increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells? | Microvilli |
The osmotic and electrical gradients that drive the reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute ______. | sodium |
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular ______. | reabsorption |
Which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? | Increased blood pressure->Vasoconstriction ->Increased water retention |
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following? | Efferent arterioles and those throughout the body |
Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete _______________ hormone. | Antidiuretic |
Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? | Tight junctions |
In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where? | From the tubular fluid into the blood |
An antiport transports sodium into the cells of the PCT while pumping hydrogen ions out. What hormone activates this transport? | Angiotensin II |
Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolateral surface of the cell and into the blood by which process? | Facilitated diffusion |
During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process? | Solvent drag |
Regarding nitrogenous wastes, the PCT reabsorbs most of the ______, but none of the ______. | uric acid, creatinine |
Where does most tubular reabsorption take place? | In the proximal convoluted tubule |
Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ______. | aquaporins |
Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) ______. | symport |
What are the mechanisms of peritubular capillary absorption? | Osmosis and solvent drag |
T/F : Normally very little glucose is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid and is therefore lost in the urine. | F |
Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed? | Peritubular capillaries |
The nephron reabsorbs how much urea from the tubular fluid? | About half |
When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached? | Transport maximum |
The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? | Obligatory water reabsorption |
What is tubular secretion? | The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid |
The accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells creates a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water ______ the peritubular capillaries. | into |
The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules? | Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions |
The capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. | pertitubular |
Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? | Sodium ions, Potassium ions, Chloride |
Which defines the transport maximum? | It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed. |
Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes? | Tubular secretion |
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | The reabsorption of water and salts |
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte __________ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte _______________ | Sodium, Potassium |
Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? | Ammonia, bile acids, urea |
Which is an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide? | Decreased sodium reabsorption |
The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? | The concentration of urine |
Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? | Natriuretic peptides, Aldosterone, Antidiuretic hormone |
The hormone _______ causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the later segments of the renal tubule. | aldosterone |
The hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, thus increasing its reabsorption, is _ | ADH |
Which leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides? | Increased blood pressure |
What is the action of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys? | It decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption. |
What is the role of the collecting ducts? | To adjust the concentration of urine |
Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called ______. | aquaporins |
Antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to _____. | dehydration |
Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier? | Nephron loop |
Parathyroid hormone acts on the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit ______ reabsorption and on the distal convoluted tubule to increase ______ reabsorption. | phosphate, calcium |
What is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient? | It allows the production of very concentrated urine. |
Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the _______________duct. | collecting |
As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______. | increasing |
How does antidiuretic hormone affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water? | It increases their permeability. |
What is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF? | The active transport of Na+, K+, and Cl- from the ascending limb of nephron loop |
The _____________ within the medulla of the kidney acts as a countercurrent exchanger. | vasa recta |
The __________ loop of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier. | nephron |
The osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is ______ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex. | higher |
The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ______, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin. | urochrome |
How does the ascending limb of the nephron loop shift sodium, potassium, and chloride into the ECF? | Active transport |
Fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or | polyuria |
What is the name of the blood vessel that feeds directly into the glomerular capillaries?
The afferent arteries feed blood directly into the glomerular capillaries. Glomerular capillaries are located between afferent and efferent arterioles and are the site of glomerular filtration.
Which arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus?
The renal artery branches into smaller arteries called the afferent arterioles. The blood travels from the afferent arterioles to the glomerulus, located in the nephron.
Which small vessels deliver blood to the glomerulus?
Blood flows into and away from the glomerulus through tiny arteries called arterioles, which reach and leave the glomerulus through the open end of the capsule.
What delivers blood to the glomerular capillary bed?
The glomerulus, on the other hand, is sandwiched between two arterioles - afferent arterioles deliver blood to the glomerulus, while efferent arterioles carry it away.