According to crime statistics, hate crimes focus most frequently on which of the following?

1. An individual being imprisoned for murder is an example of a(n)formal sanction.2. Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporateexecutives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of anotherexecutive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to puta spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares atJennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)informal sanction.3. Bob works as a cashier in a supermarket. His boss instructs him to includethe price of a new broom—which Bob's boss has deceptively placed near theregister—on everyone's bill. Bob's boss also encourages him to change thedates on expired food items, so the items can continue to be sold.Eventually, Bob begins to develop his own deceptive sales practices. This isan example ofdifferential association.

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Hate Crime Statistics 

Thousands of law enforcement agencies voluntarily submit data to the Uniform Crime Reporting Program’s (UCR) Hate Crime Statistics Data Collection on crimes motivated by prejudice based on race, gender and gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientations, or ethnicity.

This effort, which includes data from city, county, college and university, state, tribal, and federal agencies, allows the law enforcement community to recognize and document hate crimes. The collection was created after Congress passed the Hate Crime Statistics Act in 1990.

These statistics may be used to:

• help law enforcement address issues for their communities
• provide lawmakers with justification for certain legislation
• supply the media with credible information
• show hate crime victims that they are not alone
• help researchers in determining trends in hate crimes

Participation in the data collection is voluntary for state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies, but it is mandatory for federal law enforcement.

Definition of a Hate Crime

The UCR Program defines hate crime as a committed criminal offense which is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender’s bias(es) against a:

• race
• religion
• disability
• sexual orientation
• ethnicity
• gender
• gender identity

For UCR Program purposes, even if the offenders are mistaken in their perception the victim was a member of a certain group, the offense is still a bias crime because the offender was motivated by bias.

The most common hate crimes reported to the data collection are destruction/damage/vandalism, intimidation, and simple assault.

Hate Crime Biases

The Hate Crime Data Collection gathers data on the following biases:

Race/Ethnicity/Ancestry

• Anti-American Indian or Alaska Native
• Anti-Arab
• Anti-Asian
• Anti-Black or African American
• Anti-Hispanic or Latino
• Anti-Multiple Races, Group
• Anti-Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
• Anti-Other Race/Ethnicity/Ancestry
• Anti-White

Religion

• Anti-Buddhist
• Anti-Catholic
• Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Russian, Greek, Other)
• Anti-Hindu
• Anti-Islamic
• Anti-Jehovah’s Witness
• Anti-Jewish
• Anti-Mormon
• Anti-Multiple Religions, Group
• Anti-Other Christian
• Anti-Other Religion
• Anti-Protestant
• Anti-Sikh
• Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism, etc.

Sexual Orientation

• Anti-Bisexual
• Anti-Gay (Male)
• Anti-Heterosexual
• Anti-Lesbian
• Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender (Mixed Group)

Disability

• Anti-Mental Disability
• Anti-Physical Disability

Gender

• Anti-Male
• Anti-Female

Gender Identity

• Anti-Transgender
• Anti-Gender Non-Conforming

Information Collected

The types of hate crimes reported to the UCR Program’s Hate Crime Statistics Collection are broken down by specific categories. The aggregate hate crime data collected for each incident includes:

• Bias Motivation: Incidents may include one or more offense types. Up to five bias motivation types can be reported per offense. The FBI collects information about single-bias incidents (crimes motivated by one type of bias) and multiple-bias incidents (offenses motivated by two or more biases.)
• Victims: The types of victims collected for hate crime incidents include individuals (adults and juveniles), businesses, institutions, and society. Law enforcement can also indicate the number of individual victims, as well as the number of adult victims, and the number of victims under the age of 18.
• Offenders: The collection includes the number of offenders (adults and juveniles), and when possible, the race and ethnicity of the offender or offenders. In the data collection, the term “known offender” does not imply the suspect’s identity is known, but rather some aspect of the offender is known, such as the offender’s age or gender.
• Location Type: One of 46 location types can be designated as the location, such as house of worship, sidewalk, home, school, or unknown.
• Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction includes data about hate crimes by judicial district (federal), state, and agency.

Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists quizlet?

Which of the following would most likely be categorized as deviant in the United States?

Which of the following would most sociologists consider deviant quizlet?

Which sociological theory of deviance argues that deviance is often ability of people's unable to meet the goals of society by following the means offered by society?